far less certain中文翻譯,far less certain是什么意思,far less certain發(fā)音、用法及例句
- 內(nèi)容導(dǎo)航:
- 1、far less certain
- 2、漢譯英必備基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
1、far less certain
far less certain發(fā)音
英: 美:
far less certain中文意思翻譯
常用釋義:遠(yuǎn)不如此確定:表示某事物的確定性程度遠(yuǎn)低于預(yù)期或期望的程度。
更加不確定
far less certain雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景
1、Far less certain is whether their shared audacity is sufficient to sustain the coalition.───我們遠(yuǎn)不能確定,兩人的勇氣是否足以維系執(zhí)政聯(lián)盟。
2、Whether it will reverse the slow decline of the past decade is far less certain.───它是否能扭轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)去十年間的緩慢滑坡尚不得而知。
3、certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.───然而,專家和官員們選擇我們的同伴們,并將其活動(dòng)引向良性方向的順利程度有幾何尚無(wú)法確定。
4、The causal relationship between vicious talk and violent action is far less certain.───硬說(shuō)惡毒的言辭和暴力的行為之間有因果關(guān)系似乎有點(diǎn)牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)。
5、In China, however, the consequences remain far less certain.───然而,在中國(guó),危機(jī)的后果遠(yuǎn)未能確定。
6、causal relationship between vicious talk and violent action is far less certain.───話語(yǔ)和暴力行為沒有必然的因果關(guān)系。
7、At higher or 'cruising' speeds, things are far less certain.───在更高或是巡航速度下,事情就變得更不確定了。
far less certain相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)
1、certain extent───一定程度;某種程度
2、certain level───某一水平
3、far less───大大小于,少得多;遠(yuǎn)不及
4、certain standards───某些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
5、far───adj.遠(yuǎn)的;久遠(yuǎn)的;n.遠(yuǎn)方;n.(Far)人名;(德、西、塞)法爾;adv.很;遙遠(yuǎn)地;久遠(yuǎn)地;到很遠(yuǎn)的距離;到很深的程度
6、less───prep.減去,除去(作介詞用);n.(Less)(美、加拿大)萊斯(人名);det.量更少;數(shù)量較少(或更少);adj.等級(jí)較低的;次要的;adv.范圍較小地;更少地;遠(yuǎn)不是,根本不
7、less and less───越來(lái)越少;越來(lái)越少的;越來(lái)越小[少]地
8、far far away───千里迢迢
9、certain───pron.某些;某幾個(gè);n.(Certain)人名;(葡)塞爾塔因;(法)塞爾坦;adj.某一;必然的;確信;無(wú)疑的;有把握的
2、漢譯英必備基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
對(duì)于漢譯英,小伙伴們首先要了解一些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。只有掌握了這些基本功,在翻譯的時(shí)候才能運(yùn)籌帷幄!我特此為大家收集整理了以下內(nèi)容,大家可以參考一下!
一、名詞與冠詞
1. Over long period of time in our country, state enterprise is a main provider in respect to financial income of nation.
2. Those belonged to the latter approach pay much more attentions to the individuals.
3. ……in term of both economics and environment.
4. In other word, what do we think……?
5. The actual situation is far from such a simple.
6. In addition, the development of economy always has periods of rise as well as fall.
7. Since 1990's, “globalization” has almost become an “everyday word” of the mass media in various countries.
8. Those suffering more have to ask for aids from IMF and some western countries like U.S.
9. On June 5, 1972 in Stockholm, United Nations held its first UN conference on Human Settlement, for the first time raising human environment issue into the agenda of international politics.
10……capacity building thus becomes an only effective approach to sustainable development.
英語(yǔ)的名詞分可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,而且往往要和冠詞連用。例1中的period,enterprise和nation都是可數(shù)名詞。period在這里是泛指,沒有說(shuō)是哪一段時(shí)間,因此要加不定冠詞,說(shuō)a long period of time.enterprise在這里也是泛指,泛指往往用復(fù)數(shù),或用單數(shù)加定冠詞,表明這一類的東西,因此這里要說(shuō)state enterprises,或the state enterprise, 既不用復(fù)數(shù)又不用冠詞是不行的。nation在這里專指我國(guó),一定要加定冠詞,說(shuō)the nation.例9中的issue也是專指,要加定冠詞。
英語(yǔ)有些名詞既可用作可數(shù)名詞,也可用作不可數(shù)名詞。如preparation(s),negotiation(s),experience(s), success(es)等。這兩種用法,其含義有時(shí)無(wú)大差異,有時(shí)略有不同。例2中的attention一詞就屬于后一種情況。據(jù)詞典解釋, attentions作為可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù),意思是 things that sb does to try to please you or to show their interest in you. 因此,例2只能用attention,不能用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
英語(yǔ)有些短語(yǔ)是非常固定的,叫做idioms,不能輕易改動(dòng),如in terms of,in other words,等等。因此,例3和例4中用名詞的單數(shù)形式是不行的。
英語(yǔ)許多詞可以用作不同的詞類,這在詞典里都是標(biāo)明的。但我們也不能隨心所欲。例5 such a后面要跟名詞,放個(gè)simple在那里是不行的,其實(shí)這句話只要把such a刪去就行了。far from simple等于not simple,在語(yǔ)法上也是站得住腳的。
用 economy一詞泛指一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況,要用定冠詞。詞典舉例: The economy is in recession. | The new oil that we have found will improve the/our economy. | the slowdown in the Japanese economy 此三例選自三本不同的詞典,但都用了the,有一本詞典竟先說(shuō)明(often the economy), 然后才釋義。
用英語(yǔ)表示“二十世紀(jì)九十年代”,應(yīng)該是the 1990's.那一撇是可有可無(wú)的,但定冠詞是一定要有的。這一點(diǎn),許多譯者容易忽略。
例8里的IMF要加定冠詞。詞典舉例: the IMF is an organization within the United Nations which is concerned with trade and economic development. 在例8中,U.S. 用作名詞,前面也須加定冠詞。再如“歐盟”的縮寫是the EU.詞典釋義中寫道: The EU used to be known as the EC(European Community)。這幾個(gè)名稱,the IMF, the EU, the United Nations,無(wú)論是簡(jiǎn)稱還是全稱,在句子里作為名詞出現(xiàn)時(shí),都要加定冠詞。有沒有不加定冠詞的情況呢?有的。UNESCO,NATO,ASEAN,這些詞全不需要加定冠詞。有什么規(guī)律可循呢?根據(jù)Michael Swan 所著 Practical English Usage(《英語(yǔ)用法指南》),首字母縮略詞(acronyms),其讀音像一個(gè)詞一樣,通常不用冠詞。
例10中的不定冠詞須改為定冠詞。根據(jù)Practical English Usage第65.4條,the經(jīng)常與最高級(jí)連用,因?yàn)橥ǔV挥幸粋€(gè)個(gè)體或集體稱得上best或biggest等,其所指的是哪一個(gè)(或哪一些)是清楚的。由于同樣的原因,the經(jīng)常與first,next,last,same 和only連用。詞典舉例:She is the only person for the job.
二、動(dòng)詞
11.The influence of the related policies made by the government, including the policies which is considered afterwards to have played an active role in the development of the refrigerator industry, is secondary and supplementary.
12.The disparity between the poor and the rich in food consumption are not manifested in quantity, but in quality.
13.The first Constitution of the People's Republic of China which adopted on 1954 clearly indicates in its article 45: “……”
14.Secondly, as mentioned above, the comparison make us to think over the reasons of different choices of welfare policies.
15.The rural people who made of the majority of the Chinese population did not enjoy these welfare.
16.After the World WarⅡ, the developed economies have been recovering and developing rapidly.
17.Who knows whether the SOE gains or losses?
18.Although all the states are facing the possibilities of either win or lost, the developed countries enjoy the more favorable position than the under-developed countries.
19.The government of Zhucheng town requested that the net asset in all Joint-Stock enterprises should be divided into two parts after fulfil their property assessment.
20.As a result, the more rapidly the country develops, the more tightly it is bounded to the international monetary and financial system.
正確使用英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,需要注意三件事:一是時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)不對(duì),與句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是否吻合(如果有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的話);二是數(shù)是否與主語(yǔ)一致,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù);三是語(yǔ)態(tài)對(duì)不對(duì),是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)。
例11 which引導(dǎo)的從句中有afterwards,此時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的意思是“以后”,但其所指是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事,因此動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)是過(guò)去時(shí)。從句主語(yǔ) which指的是前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞policies,因此動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。這樣從句就應(yīng)改為which were considered……。 例12主語(yǔ) disparity是單數(shù),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是is……,而不應(yīng)是are……。例13 which引導(dǎo)的從句指的是constitution,動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),因此應(yīng)改為which was adopted……。
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的詞類。除了注意以上三件事,還要看它跟什么詞連用和怎樣連用,一不小心,就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。
例14主語(yǔ)comparison是單數(shù),動(dòng)詞make需改為makes才能與主語(yǔ)的數(shù)一致。另外,make后面出動(dòng)詞不定式是不用to的,因此這個(gè)to 應(yīng)刪去。例15 make后面跟of可以表示用什么制作,但此處要表示to form,to constitute,就要用make up.詞典舉例: Women make up 56% of the student numbers.因此例15中的made of應(yīng)改為made up.例9, raising the……issue into the agenda也不合乎英語(yǔ)說(shuō)法,可改為putting the…… issue on the agenda.
例16 先解決一個(gè)冠詞問(wèn)題。談到“二次大戰(zhàn)”之類的名稱,英語(yǔ)若數(shù)字后出,則不用冠詞,說(shuō)Word WarⅡ就行了。若數(shù)字先出,則要定冠詞,要說(shuō)the Second World War.這一句主要是需要解決時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一致的問(wèn)題。After Word WarⅡ指的是二次大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后的一段時(shí)間,一般說(shuō)來(lái)指的時(shí)間不太長(zhǎng),稍長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)也可以,但不能指到現(xiàn)在,動(dòng)詞只能是過(guò)去時(shí)。若想指到現(xiàn)在,就要說(shuō)Since Word WarⅡ, 這樣動(dòng)詞就可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。從例16的內(nèi)容看,因提到recover,還是用過(guò)去時(shí)較好。這句話可改為After World WarⅡ, the developed economies recovered and developed rapidly.
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化多端。有時(shí)動(dòng)詞和名詞的形式是一樣的。如gain既可是動(dòng)詞,也可是名詞。lose就比較復(fù)雜。動(dòng)詞是lose,其過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去分詞是lost,名詞是loss, 形容詞是loose.用哪種形式,全看它在句中起什么作用。例17,和前面的動(dòng)詞gains并列,就應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞loses, 而不該用名詞losses.例18,在the possibilities of后面該用動(dòng)名詞winning or losing.例19,在after后面也該用動(dòng)名詞fulfilling.例20,后半句用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但過(guò)去分詞bounded是不對(duì)的。此處動(dòng)詞原形是bind,其過(guò)去分詞應(yīng)是bound,因此這里用is bound to……就對(duì)了。
三、介詞、連詞與句子結(jié)構(gòu)
21. When such a physical limit is reached, the food consumption and nutrition intake of the people would generally not increase despite of further rise in income.
22. There was already a lot of discussions about the crisis in the economic as well as technical levels.
23. On a certain degree, it is the goal but not the reality.
24. The property assessment in the enterprise must be assessed by professional staffs and institutions that passed examination of the state.
25. Having summed up the preliminary experience of reform in the cities and rural areas, the principle of…
26. We should, from a long-term point of view, make efforts in developing the rural economy to reduce rural-urban disparity, therefore, labor migration from urban to rural areas, driven by benefit, will appear.
27. The financial reform in China has made great progress, however, the whole financial market is still under restraint.
28. But the question is, health is everybody's basic right, what is the reason to legally enforce some people to donate their blood just for other people's health?
29. Government is no longer responsible for gain and loss in state enterprises since the reform, soft budget restriction in the enterprise changes more or less, the financial pressure for the enterprise aggravates.
30. The reform of state owned enterprise was set as a key part of overall economic reform at the beginning of 80's, since then the governments at central and local levels, entrepreneurs and economists have denoted much attentions and exerted many efforts to the reform, but one has to admit that comparing to the reforms in all the other fields in country, until now the reform of state enterprise is in the state of lowest point of “efficiency of input -output”, from all views, the achievements we have made can not match the huge efforts (personnel resources, materials, finances and energies) we have exerted.
介詞是英語(yǔ)里最靈活的一個(gè)詞類,它能引出介詞短語(yǔ)在句中發(fā)揮各種作用,它能跟動(dòng)詞連用,把不及物動(dòng)詞變成及物動(dòng)詞,引出賓語(yǔ)。總之,介詞在英語(yǔ)里廣泛使用,在漢語(yǔ)里許多用動(dòng)詞表達(dá)的意思,在英語(yǔ)里可以用介詞來(lái)表達(dá)。然而介詞又是英語(yǔ)里一個(gè)很機(jī)械的詞類,它有許多固定的說(shuō)法,稍一改變,不是不合用法,就是產(chǎn)出了別的意思。這就使我們感到很困難,必須用心體會(huì),牢牢記住。
例21, despite就是介詞,等于in spite of,因此不能說(shuō)despite of,也不能說(shuō)in despite of.例22,levels前面不能用in.levels在這里指的是討論問(wèn)題的角度,前面可用on.例23,習(xí)慣說(shuō)法應(yīng)是To a certain degree.此外,例1中的 in respect to也是不行的??梢哉f(shuō)in respect of,也可以說(shuō)with respect to,這是固定的,是不能換的。例13中的on 1954也是不行的,on只能用于日期,這里一定要用in.
例24,主語(yǔ)是assessment,和動(dòng)詞must be assessed不搭配。把a(bǔ)ssessment刪去,用property作主語(yǔ),就和動(dòng)詞搭配了。例25,分詞短語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)不搭配,把principle換掉,用人來(lái)作主語(yǔ)就可以了。
在英語(yǔ)里,therefore和however都是副詞,不是連詞,不能起連接分句的作用。詞典舉例: He's only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote. We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors. 例26,可在第1個(gè)分句末尾加and.例27,可將however前面的逗號(hào)改為分號(hào),或?qū)⒋硕禾?hào)改為句號(hào),下面另起一句。
例28,前半句是陳述句,后半句是問(wèn)句。英語(yǔ)一般不這樣說(shuō),可以分成兩句,一個(gè)陳述句,一個(gè)問(wèn)句,各自獨(dú)立。也可以考慮在But后面加一個(gè)as,把前半句變成一個(gè)從句。
漢語(yǔ)有時(shí)把幾個(gè)短句放在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句里,只用逗號(hào),不用連詞,前后關(guān)系自明,這就是王力先生所說(shuō)的“意合”。但這種作法在英語(yǔ)里則行不通。英語(yǔ)喜歡用連詞,把前后關(guān)系說(shuō)得清清楚楚,否則就不要放在一個(gè)句子里,這就是所謂“形合”。
例29和例30就有這樣的問(wèn)題?,F(xiàn)在別的問(wèn)題都不談了,只談長(zhǎng)句里面短句之間的聯(lián)系。例29有三個(gè)短句,只用逗號(hào)相連是不行的,至少要把第3個(gè)短句之前的逗號(hào)改為and.例30很長(zhǎng),它所包含的三個(gè)短句也都有一定的長(zhǎng)度,因此最好把它分成三句,從since then開始另起一句,然后從 from all views開始再起一句,這樣就好多了。
看到這里,讀者也許會(huì)說(shuō),你啰嗦了這半天,但所談內(nèi)容的深度似乎并未超出任何一本簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法。的確是這樣,本文所談全是語(yǔ)法書里講的最基本的道理,學(xué)英語(yǔ)的人沒有沒學(xué)過(guò)的。但知道這些規(guī)則是一回事,能正確運(yùn)用這些規(guī)則是另一回事。
本文所談的十八篇文章,譯文質(zhì)量也不一樣,有幾篇質(zhì)量很高,其余的則問(wèn)題較多,參加工作的這二十多位譯者和校閱者肯定學(xué)過(guò)好多年英語(yǔ),掌握的詞匯量很大,有不少翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)和專業(yè)知識(shí),能翻譯有一定深度的相當(dāng)專門的文章。如果說(shuō)他們還有什么不夠的地方,那就是基本功還不夠扎實(shí),使用英語(yǔ)有許多漏洞?;竟?wèn)題不屬于翻譯問(wèn)題,只是在翻譯過(guò)程中暴露出來(lái)而已。不過(guò)事到如今,停下來(lái)重新練基本功,彌補(bǔ)這些漏洞已不可能,那就只能在今后的工作中針對(duì)這個(gè)弱點(diǎn)下功夫。
我覺得,在這一方面,有兩件事可以做。一是勤查詞典,稍有猶豫就去查一查,正確的拼法,可數(shù)不可數(shù),及物不及物,在句中怎樣用,這些問(wèn)題在字典里都可以解決。二是注意別人怎樣用,不要視而不見。有人學(xué)了許多年英語(yǔ),竟然不知道cannot是一個(gè)詞,不能分開寫,他們視而不見的毛病也太厲害了。只要做個(gè)有心人,注意觀察,把基本功一天加固一點(diǎn)兒,日積月累,幾年下來(lái)一定會(huì)大見成效。
1970年,周恩來(lái)總理針對(duì)翻譯工作有一篇講話。他說(shuō):“搞翻譯不是那么簡(jiǎn)單的,不是懂幾句外國(guó)話就行的。不但要有政治水平,同時(shí)要有較高的文化水平。沒有基本功和豐富的知識(shí)不行。基本功包括三個(gè)方面:政治思想、語(yǔ)言本身和各種文化知識(shí)。”
希望以上內(nèi)容能對(duì)大家有所幫助!更多信息了解敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注英語(yǔ)考試欄目!
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