1、operant conditioning

operant conditioning發(fā)音

英：　　美：

operant conditioning中文意思翻譯

常用釋義：操作性條件反射：一種條件反射的形式

操作性條件反射； 強化療法

操作性條件作用

operant conditioning雙語使用場景

1、You need to train a pig and you need to do so through operant conditioning.───你需要運用操作性條件作用來訓(xùn)練一頭豬。

2、Method Rats were randomly operant conditioning training group, operation control group and blank control group.───研究方法:大鼠分為實驗組 、 手術(shù)對照組和空白對照組.

3、To train a rat, the experimenter placed it in an operant conditioning chamber: a small plastic box with a lever at one end.───為了訓(xùn)練小鼠，實驗人員把它放在一個操作性條件反射室：一個一端置有操作桿的塑料箱。

4、Operant conditioning occurs all throughout games.───行為條件貫穿在整個游戲中。

5、There are two corollaries of operant conditioning Aversion therapy and desensitization.───使事情發(fā)生動作的條件有2種推論,厭惡療法及減敏.

operant conditioning相似詞語短語

1、deconditioning───n.去適應(yīng)作用（指長期失重后，心血管機(jī)能的一種改變）

2、aversive conditioning───厭惡性條件形成

3、counterconditioning───n.對抗條件反射作用

4、respondent conditioning───反應(yīng)性條件反射

5、air-conditioning───空調(diào)；[建]空氣調(diào)節(jié)

6、operating conditions───操作條件；工作條件；操柞件

7、preconditioning───n.預(yù)處理；前條件作用

8、air conditioning───空調(diào)；[建]空氣調(diào)節(jié)

9、social conditioning───社會制約

2、怎樣理解ABA中的區(qū)辨刺激 discriminative stimulus (SD)

What Is Discriminative Stimulus – Definition & Examples

什么是區(qū)辨刺激——定義與實例

What Is A Discriminative Stimulus?

什么是區(qū)辨刺激？

A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that when it is present, it generates a particular response and the response is usually faster, more frequent, and more resistant to extinction. The responding behavior is then subjected to discriminative stimulus control. A discriminative stimulus (Sd or SD) is created when the response is reinforced in its presence, but not when it is absent.

一個有區(qū)辨的刺激是一種刺激，當(dāng)它出現(xiàn)時，它產(chǎn)生一個特定的反應(yīng)，這個反應(yīng)通常更快，更頻繁，更能抵抗消失。反應(yīng)行為受到區(qū)分性刺激控制。一種區(qū)辨刺激(SD 或 SD)產(chǎn)生時，反應(yīng)在其存在加強，在其不存在時不存在。

For example, a child requests to watch TV and historically, he is granted more screen time when his Mom has to get on a conference call for work, but never when she doesn’t have to take a call. So having a work related phone call is a Sd that controls the child’s requesting behavior.

例如，一個孩子要求看電視，從過往來看，當(dāng)他的媽媽因為工作需要參加電話會議時，他可以有更多的時間看電視，但是當(dāng)她不需要接電話時，他就沒有時間了。因此，打一個與工作相關(guān)的電話是一個控制孩子請求行為的區(qū)辨刺激。

Discrimination And Classical Conditioning

區(qū)辨與經(jīng)典條件反射

When an originally neural stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to generate a response, the neural stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for that response.

當(dāng)一個最初的神經(jīng)刺激與一個非條件刺激重復(fù)配對以產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)時，神經(jīng)刺激就成為該反應(yīng)的條件刺激。

Discrimination And Operant Conditioning

歧視與操作制約

Discriminative stimuli have control over a particular behavior because the behavior is reliably reinforced through positive or negative reinforcement and punishment when the stimuli present and not when they are absent.

區(qū)辨性刺激對特定行為具有控制力，因為這種行為可靠地通過正面或負(fù)面的強化和懲罰來加強，當(dāng)刺激出現(xiàn)時，而不是缺失時。

Discriminative Stimulus Examples

區(qū)辨刺激的例子

Here are some more examples of discriminative stimulus.

這里有一些區(qū)辨刺激的例子。

When a child asks for a candy, she always gets one during grandma’s visit, but not in her absence. Grandma’s visiting is a Sd that controls the child’s asking behavior.

當(dāng)孩子要糖果的時候，她總是在奶奶來看她的時候得到一塊，但不是在她不在的時候。奶奶的拜訪是一個控制孩子索要糖果行為的 Sd。

When the traffic light turns green, drivers keep their car going forward, but not when the light turns red. The green light is then a Sd for going while the red light is for stopping.

當(dāng)交通燈變成綠燈時，司機(jī)會讓車?yán)^續(xù)向前行駛，但當(dāng)交通燈變成紅燈時就不會。綠燈表示前進(jìn)，紅燈表示停止。

When a manager is present, the employees work faster than when she’s not present. The manager’s presence is a Sd that controls how fast the employees do their work.

當(dāng)經(jīng)理在場時，員工的工作速度比她不在場時要快。管理者的存在是一個控制員工工作速度的區(qū)辨刺激。

When Mom is present, the child completes his homework, but when Mom leaves the room, the child stops doing homework. Mom’s presence is a Sd that controls the homework doing behavior.

當(dāng)媽媽在的時候，孩子完成了作業(yè)，但是當(dāng)媽媽離開房間的時候，孩子就停止做作業(yè)了。媽媽的存在是一個控制家庭作業(yè)行為區(qū)辨刺激。

You give a dog a treat when it barks at a certain person, but not when it barks at another person. Then that first person becomes a Sd that control the dog’s barking behavior.

當(dāng)狗對某人吠叫時，你給它一個獎勵，但不是當(dāng)它對另一個人吠叫時。然后，第一個人成為一個 Sd，控制狗的吠叫行為。

Stimulus Discrimination Vs Generalization

區(qū)辨刺激與泛化

Stimulus generalization is defined as the extension of conditioning so that similar stimuli that have not been reinforced can act as conditioned stimulus to generate a specific response2. Now an individual responds to not only the one stimulus that has been reinforced, but also others that share similar characteristics. Generalization can occur in classical conditioning as well as operant conditioning .

刺激泛化被定義為條件反射的延伸，使未經(jīng)強化的相似刺激可以作為條件刺激產(chǎn)生特定的反應(yīng)?，F(xiàn)在一個人不僅對一個刺激物有反應(yīng)，而且對其他有相似特征的刺激物也有反應(yīng)。這種現(xiàn)象在經(jīng)典條件反射和操作制約都有可能發(fā)生。

For example, a bee stings you. You will begin to fear it resulting in fear conditioning . But you will also begin to fear other insects that look similar. The more similar another insect is to a bee, the more you will fear it.

例如，蜜蜂蜇你。你將開始害怕它導(dǎo)致恐懼條件化。但是你也會開始害怕其他看起來相似的昆蟲。另一種昆蟲和蜜蜂越相似，你就越害怕它。

Your conditioned response (fear) has generalize from the training stimulus (bees) to another stimulus (insects similar to a bee).

你的條件反應(yīng)(恐懼)已經(jīng)從訓(xùn)練刺激(蜜蜂)概括到另一個刺激(昆蟲類似于蜜蜂)。

Discriminative Stimulus In Parenting

父母教育中的區(qū)辨刺激

Discriminative stimuli are often used in parenting to help children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and those with mental retardation3.

區(qū)辨刺激經(jīng)常被用來幫助那些患有自閉癥和智能障礙的孩子。

A branch of non-mainstream psychology, called Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), has emerged to teach Sd-based techniques to parents who have kids with ASD. These ABA techniques help children develop social skills and decrease behaviors that may interfere with their independence in life4.

非主流心理學(xué)的一個分支，稱為應(yīng)用行為分析(ABA) ，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，教授基于 sd 的技術(shù)的父母誰有自閉癥的孩子。這些 ABA 技術(shù)幫助兒童發(fā)展社會技能，減少可能干擾他們生活獨立的行為。

In ABA therapy, discriminative stimulus and differential reinforcement are used to teach children how to respond appropriately or give a correct answer. An ABA therapist will work with parents to make sure that they understand how to apply the correct techniques.

在 ABA 治療中，使用區(qū)辨刺激和差別強化來教導(dǎo)兒童如何正確地回應(yīng)或給出正確的答案。ABA 治療師將與父母一起工作，以確保他們了解如何應(yīng)用正確的技術(shù)。