?phosphatase

phosphatase發(fā)音

英：['f?sf?te?s]　　美：['f?sf??te?s]

英：　　美：

phosphatase中文意思翻譯

n. **酸酶

phosphatase常見例句

1 、During the course of hepatocarcinogenesis, body weight, histopathological changes of liver, and alanine amiotransterase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin (ALB) in plasma were observed.───動態(tài)觀察各組大鼠的體重、病理形態(tài)學、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(alanine amiotransterase,ALT)、堿性**酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)的變化;

2 、Abstract： Objective To investigate the relation between alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in gingival crevicular fluid(GCF) and prognosis.───摘 要： 研究種植牙齦溝液中堿性**酸酶的水平和預(yù)后的關(guān)系。

3 、Tartrate-resist ant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in the tissues was studied with histochemistry.───對破骨細胞中TRAP染色**顆粒計數(shù)并進行統(tǒng)計學分析。

4 、Also, cessation was associated with an increase in bone alkaline phosphatase( BAP), which is a marker for bone remodeling, they stated.───同樣，骨再造的標記－堿性**酸酶的增高與戒煙也存在著聯(lián)系。

5 、Soil urease, phosphatase and peroxidase activities are increased significantly as well under the calcium cyanamide treatment in summer.───夏季石灰氮消毒處理對提高脲酶、**酸酶和過氧化物酶活性的效果顯著；

6 、Both cases showed extremely low levels of alkaline phosphatase.───兩個病人之血中堿性**酸酶皆呈現(xiàn)極低之數(shù)值。

7 、NBT deoxidization ability and acid phosphatase activity of each ChS groups boosted up obviously (P───各ChS組的NBT還原能力和酸性**酸酶活性顯著增強(P

8 、It was found that alkaline phosphatase activity was increased when Chlamydomonas sajao Lewin was transforming and availing the phosphate rocks.As a result, the concentration of the availabl...───在無任何**源的體系中,有藻的培養(yǎng)基堿性**酸酶仍呈上升趨勢,表明在缺**脅迫下,藻和水稻都能產(chǎn)生堿性**酸酶分解礦石**.

9 、Fifteen mutations were nonsense, frameshift, or splice-site alterations predicted to result in truncated proteins lacking phosphatase activity.───15個突變是無義突變，移碼突變或者剪切位點改變，這些突變被預(yù)測導(dǎo)致蛋白縮短而缺失**酸酶活性。

10 、Fertilization with NP plus foliar feed leads to lower phosphatase activity than fertilization with organic manure plus foliar feed.───施化肥+葉面肥處理土壤**酸酶活性比施有機肥+葉面肥處理降低；

11 、Methods Elderly peoples PDL cells were cultured , its alkaline phosphatase activity were determined spectrophotometricly and were compared with that of young peoples PDL cells.───方法利用原代培養(yǎng)的老年人牙周膜細胞,測定其堿性**酸酶活性,并與青年人進行比較。

12 、Methods According to endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity, Gomori|Takamatsu method and NBT/BCIP method were used to observe the microvascular architecture.───方法 利用內(nèi)源性堿性**酸酶活性 ,采用組織化學Gomori Takamatsu鈣鈷法和硝基四唑氮藍 5 溴 4 氯 3 吲哚**酸鹽 (NBT BCIP)顯色法 ,觀察人和兔皮瓣的微血管構(gòu)筑。

13 、Methods Using different testing methods,the two types of reagents and the two alkaline phosphatase reagents to discuss the effect of the two methods on measuring serum magnesium.───方法采用不同的測試方式、兩種劑型、兩種含鎂離子濃度的堿**酶試劑來研討對兩種方法檢測血清鎂的影響情況。

14 、The plasmalemma in endosperm cells of rice showed invagination with developing and differentiating. The ultrastructure and phosphatase activity cytochemistry of these invaginations were studied.───對生長分化期水稻胚乳細胞的質(zhì)膜內(nèi)陷進行了超微結(jié)構(gòu)和**酸酶的細胞化學研究。

15 、We have isolated a novel cDNA from the human fetal brain cDNA library with homology to the Mg2+-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family.───從本實驗室構(gòu)建的胎腦文庫中得到一條編號為2016e01的cDNA序列，根據(jù)生物信息學分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)其與鎂離子依賴的絲/蘇氨酸蛋白**酸酶家族具有一定的同源性。

16 、Methods:HBMSCs were subjected to the treatment with different concentrations of rhBMP-2, b-FGF, rhBMP-2 and b-FGF, after which the c ells were measured with methylthiazol tetrazolium(MTT) and alkaline phosphatase( ALP) measurement method.───方法 :利用四唑鹽比色法 (MTT)、堿性**酸酶 (ALP)測定法觀察不同濃度的rhBMP - 2和b -FGF單獨或聯(lián)合作用時HBMSC的增殖和分化情況。

17 、Acid phosphate and ATPase activity changed in the spermatogenic cells,SDH and alkaline phosphatase activity changed in the spermato- cytes.───各級生精細胞均出現(xiàn) ACP 和 ATPase 活性的變化;

18 、Taking 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate liquid(4-MUP) as substrate,the fluorometric method of alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity has been established with the kinetics pattern.───以4-甲基傘形酮**酸酯為底物,利用動力學模式,建立了一種檢測堿性**酸酶活力的熒光法。

19 、It also presented the effects of PEF on some enzymes which are important in food, such as alkaline phosphatase, protease, lipase, peroxidase and so on.───列舉了PEF對堿性**酸酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、脂酶等食品中幾種重要酶的作用效果,并探討了其對酶作用的幾種機理。

20 、SHP-2, a cytoplasmic SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase is involved in the signaling pathways of a variety of growth factors and cytokines.───SHP-2，一種含有SH2區(qū)域的胞漿蛋白酪氨酸**酸酶，參與了各種生長因子和細胞因子的信號傳導(dǎo)過程。

21 、We have done a study on the electron microscopic localization of acid phosphatase in five cases of GCT and also in the liver of rats and mice.───但國內(nèi)有關(guān)骨巨細胞瘤酸性**酸酶超微結(jié)構(gòu)**未曾見有報道。 我們對五例骨巨細胞瘤,大白鼠肝臟及小白鼠肝臟進行了酸性**酸酶電鏡**;

22 、Also, cessation was associated with an increase in bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), which is a marker for bone remodeling, they stated.───同樣，骨再造的標記-骨堿性**酸酶的增高與戒煙也存在著聯(lián)系。

23 、The activity of acid phosphatase in lichen was mainly dependent on the photobiont.───地衣中酸性**酸酶活性主要由共生藻所決定.

24 、The slices of whole worm and cells of S.japonicum were prepared, distribution of HO in schistosome was studied by immunofluorescent and alkaline phosphatase(AP) -immunocytochemical assays.───制作日本血吸蟲成蟲組織切片和培養(yǎng)細胞涂片 ,用間接免疫熒光法及堿性**酸酶免疫細胞化學試驗研究HO在血吸蟲體內(nèi)的分布。

25 、His ECOG PS is 1 and his LFTs show only a minimal elevation of his alkaline phosphatase.───ECOG一般狀況評分為1，肝功能檢查顯示他的堿性**酸酶水平略有升高。

26 、At the initialstage of retapping after winter rest, DRC and magnesium content decreased while rubber yield,sucrose content, total acid phosphatase activity and PI increased gradually.───PR107經(jīng)過冬季休割后重新割膠初期，膠乳干膠含量、鎂含量下降，而干膠產(chǎn)量、膠乳蔗糖含量、總酸性**酸酶活性及堵塞指數(shù)逐漸上升。

27 、Methods Osteoblasts were cultured with the combined coralline hydroxyapatite and coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA).The proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were tested.───方法將成骨細胞分別和復(fù)合骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白的珊瑚羥基**灰石(CCHA)、單純珊瑚羥基**灰石(CHA)混合培養(yǎng),檢測細胞增殖指數(shù)和堿性**酸酶(ALP)活性。

28 、The outcome is the absolutely deficit of insulin in the body.Some autoantigen including insulin,glutamate decarboxylase and tyrosine phosphatase maybe targeted antigen triggering t...───一些自身抗原如胰島素、谷氨酸脫羧酶和酪氨酸**酸酶等可能是觸發(fā)該自身免疫反應(yīng)的靶抗原,而細胞因子、趨化因子及炎性介質(zhì)等亦參與了該免疫過程。

29 、Methods: Measured MTT, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and osteocalcin content of human dental pulp cells.───方法 :采用噻唑鹽比色測定（MTT)、酶動力學方法和放射免疫技術(shù)。

30 、Methods: Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and total albumen were measured with BPC biochemistry analysis instrument, K+ and Cl- with 903 electrolyte analysis instrument.───方法：堿性**酸酶、總蛋白含量采用BPC生化分析儀，K＋、Cl－含量用903電解質(zhì)分析儀。

31 、Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin expression were measured by radioimmunoassay.───放射免疫測定法測定堿性**酸酶及骨鈣素的表達。

32 、Suresh P G,Reju M K,Monhands A.Haemolymph phosphatase activity levels in two fresh-water gastropods exposed to copper[J].Sci Tol Envir,1993(Suppl.),1 265-1 277.───孫虎山,李光友.硒化卡拉膠和酵母葡聚糖對櫛孔扇貝血淋巴中兩種水解酶活力的影響[J].海洋與湖沼,2002,33(3):245-249.

33 、Our recent in vivo study showed that ethanol inhibition of NMDA-induced pressor effects in rat SPNs was regulated by inhibitors of protein kinase or phosphatase.───先前我們實驗室以活體實驗方式發(fā)現(xiàn)，乙醇抑制大白鼠交感節(jié)前神經(jīng)元上NMDA所引發(fā)的升壓反應(yīng)受到蛋白質(zhì)激酶或**酸酶抑制劑的調(diào)控。

34 、PTEN brings into its lipid and protein phosphatase activity through PIP_3,FAK,MAPK pathway. PTEN also induces apoptosis,inhibites cell growth,regulates cell migration and adhesiveness.───PTEN通過PIP3途徑、FAK途徑、MAPK途徑等發(fā)揮其脂質(zhì)**酸酶和蛋白**酸酶活性,誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡、抑制細胞生長、調(diào)節(jié)細胞遷移與黏附;

35 、They identify a new pathway involving the phosphatase, calcineurin.───他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個新的涉及**酸酶、鈣調(diào)神經(jīng)**酸酶的通道。

36 、CT scan shows multiple liver metastases.His ECOG PS is 1 and his LFTs show only a minimal elevation of his alkaline phosphatase.───兩年后，出現(xiàn)右上腹疼痛和體重降低，CT顯示多處肝轉(zhuǎn)移病灶。

37 、Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alkaline phosphatase activities on Hippophae rhamnoides drought-resistance under water stress conditions.───在國內(nèi)外TREES、ACIAR、菌物系統(tǒng)、林業(yè)科學、植物病理學報、土壤學報等刊物發(fā)表論文56篇；

38 、Pinctada martensii dunker, mantle,Alkaline phosphatase,purify,propertise,inhibition,activation,conformational chasee,amino acid residue modification,activity site.───合浦珠母貝堿性**酸酶,理化性質(zhì),功能基團,效應(yīng)物,抑制動力學,構(gòu)象,外套膜,**核

39 、Results revealed that PCE treatment could inhibit the increasing of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary Ca after ovariectomy, and increased the Ca serum concentration.───實驗結(jié)果顯示，PCE之處理可以降低去卵巢大鼠之血清堿性**酸酶活性、尿中鈣離子含量和提升血中鈣離子濃度。

40 、Rudolph initially knew the kinase's and phosphatase's general topographies as well as the locations of their active sites.───Rudolph起初知道激酶和**酸酶總拓樸圖以及活性位點的位置。

41 、Methods: Blood vessels of spinal cord were stained with alkaline phosphatase and then observed with stereology method.───方法:應(yīng)用堿性**酸酶血管染色法,對脊髓內(nèi)部血管,用體視學方法作計量和觀察。

42 、Glioma cells with mutation in a specific gene called the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene, or PTEN, seemed more resistant to the immune system than glioma cells with normal PTEN function.───帶有稱作**酸酶-張力蛋白基因（PTEN）突變的膠質(zhì)瘤細胞，對免疫系統(tǒng)要比PTEN功能正常的膠質(zhì)瘤細胞，看上去更有抗藥性。

43 、Re-vegetation exerted obvious increasing effects on soil invertase and phosphatase activities, and its effect at depth increased from top to bottom of slopes.───封育增加了土壤蔗糖酶和堿性**酸酶活性，其影響深度從坡頂向下而增加；

44 、Objective To investigate the histochemical changes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) on kidney, and study the effects of morphine dependence on rat kidney.───摘要目的通過觀察嗎啡依賴大鼠腎臟堿性**酸酶和酸性**酸酶組織化學變化，探討嗎啡依賴對大鼠腎臟的影響。

45 、Methods The histochemical staining of alkaline phosphatase was used to show microvessel of human body's flap.───方法應(yīng)用酶組化法對人體皮瓣的微血管進行鹼性**酸酶染色。

46 、By using the determination of acid phosphatase, the effects of the activity of rhagiocrine cell in the abdominal cavity of the mouse that caught tumor were tested.───利用酸性**酸酶測定法，檢測對荷瘤小鼠腹腔巨噬細胞活性的影響。

47 、Methods The mouse models of MODS were established with endotoxemia and hemorrhagic shock.The alkaline phosphatase(AKP) was observed with p-nitrophenyl sodium phosphate assay.───方法失血性休克加內(nèi)毒素血癥建立MODS雙重打擊模型,**酸苯二鈉法(比色法)測定血漿內(nèi)堿性**酸酶(AKP)含量的變化情況。

48 、The effects of anionic surfactants SDBS and SDS, cationic surfactant CTMAB on acid phosphatase (ACPase) were studied detailedly on account of above reasons.───基于以上原因，本文選擇酸性**酸酶為對象，詳細研究陰離子表面活性劑十二烷基苯磺酸鈉(SDBS)、十二烷基磺酸鈉(SDS)和陽離子表面活性劑溴化十六烷基三甲胺(CTMAB)對其的影響。

49 、Abstract: This paper mainly describes the anticancer activities and Ser/Thr protein phosphatase inhibitory activities of cantharidin and its analogues.───文摘:本文主要敘述了**素結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過改造后,在抗癌活性和對絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白質(zhì)**酸酶抑制活性方面的研究進展.

50 、The changing model of NADK and respiration in two fruits were similar, the same were NADP phosphatase and ethylene production.───兩種果實NADK活性變化與呼吸變化趨勢相似 ,NADP**酸酶變化與乙烯釋放率變化趨勢相似 ;

51 、The acid phosphatase alkaline phosphatase lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in the endothelium on the trabecular meshwork in primary glaucoma were studied.───取原發(fā)性青光眼小梁網(wǎng)組織、察其中酸性**酸酶、性**酸酶、酸脫氫酶、珀酸脫氫酶的活性。

52 、Methods: The modified alkaline phosphatase staining method was adopted to study the structure of microvasculature in cerebellar dentate nuclei of infants.───方法：采用改良堿性**酸酶染色法顯示小腦齒狀核內(nèi)的微血管形態(tài)及吻合，并測血管密度。

53 、Objective To investigate the significance and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue derived from chromosome ten (PTEN) in gastric cardia carcinoma.───摘要目的研究賁門癌中第10號染色體丟失的張力蛋白同源的**酸酯酶(PTEN)基因的表達及其意義。

54 、Osteomalacia, osteoporosis and accelerated bone turnover were observed with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (BGP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in rats fed on low calcium diet and fluoridized water for 2 months.───偏食低鈣條件下飲高氟水2個月，引起骨軟化和骨質(zhì)疏松，成骨與破骨活動高度活躍，血清堿性**酸酶（ALP）、骨鈣素、甲狀旁腺激素升高。

55 、The interactional relations between soil phosphatase and external contaminants need to be further researched in environmental applications.───土壤**酸酶與各種污染物的相互作用關(guān)系在環(huán)境中的應(yīng)用方面還需進一步研究。

56 、Of the 4 soil enzymes studied, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were higher than urase and arylsulfatase in activity.───在所測定的4種土壤酶中，堿性**酸酶和脫氫酶的活性高于脈酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性。

57 、Cells were then transfected with AAV-hBMP4 and AAV-EGFP respectively. The ossification of cells was evaluated by morphological observation,alkali phosphatase stain,Von Kossa stain and alkali phosphatase assay.───AAV-hBMP4與對照病毒AAV-EGFP分別轉(zhuǎn)染細胞,觀察細胞形態(tài),行堿性**酸酶(ALP)染色、Von Kossa染色及ALP含量測定,觀察成骨活性。

58 、The expression of prostatic specific antigen( PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase( PAP) of epithelial cell was determined by immunohistochemical method.───免疫組織化學技術(shù)檢測前列腺上皮細胞前列腺特異抗原(SA)酸性**酸酶(pap)表達。

59 、And the spleen/body weight rate, lymphocyte transformation rate and the activity of acid phosphatase(ACP) of the abdominal cavity macrophages of the mice were measured.───可顯著提高淋巴細胞轉(zhuǎn)化率,但三者的藥效在統(tǒng)計學上無顯著差異;

60 、Human prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) have been used as diagnostic and prognostic markers of prostate cancer.───摘要男性前列腺脫爛酸脢(ACPP)及前列腺特殊抗原(PSA)已用于診斷前列腺癌和診斷治療的效果。

61 、Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited metabolic disease characterized by rickets with reduced plasma and tissue alkaline phosphatase activity.───摘要先天性**酸酶缺乏癥為一少見之代謝性疾病，其主要特徵為血清及組識之鹼性**酸酶下降以及佝僂癥。

62 、The totalprotein(TP)and albumin(AIB)contents were lower in group A than in group (?) ,lacrate dehydrogenase(LDH),r-glutamyl transferase(GGT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)were higher in group A than in group B(P───A 組 TP、AIB 低于 B 組(P

63 、DRC,rubber yield and total acid phosphatase activity decreased obviously in winter, whereas R-SHand Pi increased sharply with other parametrs being at d low value.───到冬季膠乳干含、產(chǎn)膠量及總酸性**酸酶活性明顯下降，而膠乳硫酸和無機**含量顯著上升，其它生理參數(shù)保持在較低值。

64 、Methods BMSCs were cultured and combined with TCP and CHA in vitro,and the morphological characters,cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activities were observed.───方法將骨髓基質(zhì)細胞分別與TCP、CHA復(fù)合體外培養(yǎng),進行形態(tài)學觀察、細胞增殖、礦化能力測定。

65 、In the mature sperm, acid phosphatase was localized in the percutor organ slightly, but it was massive and compact in the acrosomal tubule.───當精子成熟后酸性**酸酶均勻分布在頂體管中,反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物顆粒比較大,穿孔器部分發(fā)現(xiàn)有少量酸性**酸酶分布.

66 、Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited metabolic disease of decreased tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) and defective bone mineralization.───什麼是'低**酸酯酶癥-罕見的遺傳性代謝疾病導(dǎo)致降低骨礦化'?

67 、The change of acid phosphatase(ACP) activity and its isozyme during the development of Gastrodia elata growth together with Armillaria mellea were determined.───以蜜環(huán)菌(Armillaria mellea)伴生的天麻(Gastrodia elata)塊莖為材料,研究了天麻生長發(fā)育過程中酸性**酸酶(ACP)活性及其同工酶的變化。

68 、Various clinical manifestations reflect different forms of alkaline phosphatase gene expression.───不同型之臨床表現(xiàn)與其堿性**酸酶之基因缺失有關(guān)。

69 、In general, these drugs improve BMD, reduce fracture risk, and tend to normalize serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium homeostasis in hypermetabolic states (Table 2).───總的來說，這類藥物可以提高骨礦物質(zhì)密度、減少骨折風險并且可以糾正代謝亢進的血堿性**酸酶及血鈣水平。

70 、Five missense mutations in the most commonly altered PTP (PTPRT) were biochemically examined and found to reduce phosphatase activity.───對在最常改變的PTP(PTPRT)中的5個錯義突變進行了生化檢測并發(fā)現(xiàn)**酸酶活性下降。

71 、Dupont A,Guson L,Gomez J.Prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase for monitoring therapy of the prostate[J].J Urol,1991,146:1064.───張芹,王躍國.微粒子免疫發(fā)光法與酶聯(lián)免疫法檢測血清前列腺特異性抗原比較[J].南通醫(yī)學院學報,2002,22(4):481-483.

72 、The antibacterial, bacteriolytic and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in the haemolymph of Penaeus chinensis were assayed on days 1,3,5 and 7 after immuno drugs were orally ingested by the prawns.───中國對蝦口服復(fù)合免疫藥物"蝦康素"后,于第1,3,5,7天分別測定了中國對蝦血清中抗菌活力、溶菌活力和酸性**酸酶(ACP)活力。

73 、Abstract: Object:To study the effect of guanidnium hydrochloride (GuHCl) on the intrinsic fluorescence emission spectrums of human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP,E.───摘要： 目的：研究鹽酸胍對人**堿性**酸酶內(nèi)源熒光光譜的影響。

74 、Abstract: Purpose: To study the effect of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the conformation and catalytic activity of human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP,E.───摘要：目的： 研究五氯酚對人**堿性**酸酶構(gòu)象與活力的影響。

75 、The positive interaction to quantity of actinomycete is: SO42- > phosphatase > K+> Cl- > polphenoloxidase > active nitrogen > HCO3-.───對放線菌數(shù)量正作用的大小依次是SO42->**酸酶> K+> Cl->多酚氧化酶>速效氮> HCO3-。

76 、Phosphatase is very important in the cycle of phosphorus.It also counts for much to plants.───摘要**酸酶在**循環(huán)中占有重要地位，對植物有著非常重要的意義。

77 、An alkaline phosphatase (Alpase) exhibiting Polyacrylamide gel clectrophoretic homogeneity and purity of 200-fold was obtained from the amphioxus of xiamen (Amoy).───從廈門文昌魚中,獲得提純200倍的經(jīng)聚丙稀酰胺凝膠電泳鑒定為均一的堿性**酸酶。

78 、The changes of systolic blood pressure, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase due to different calcium dialysate showed statistical difference(P＜0.05).───兩種鈣離子濃度透析液應(yīng)用后收縮壓、甲狀旁腺素和堿性**酸酶的變化相比差異有顯著性(P＜ 0.05)。

79 、Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were increased in 68% of patients.───68%的患者血清堿性**酸酶異常升高；

80 、Methods: MTT and enzyme dynamics methods were used to observe the effects of CAP on cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of HDFC.───方法：分別采用MTT比色法和酶動力學方法觀察牛牙骨質(zhì)附著蛋白對體外培養(yǎng)人牙囊細胞增殖及其堿性**酸酶活性影響。

基因編輯技術(shù)CRISPR-Cas9是如何改變世界的？

首先必須要提的一點是：目前中國是世界公認的CRISPR-Cas9技術(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者！

雖然CRISPR-Cas9是美國人發(fā)明的基因編輯手段，但因為在我天朝研究環(huán)境相對輕松，所以近年來取得了一系列舉世矚目的突破。對此，科學家們預(yù)測道：CRISPR-Cas9這種價格低廉、功能強大的基因工程技術(shù)將徹底改變我們的星球，改變我們的社會和與我們生活在一起的各類生物體。

關(guān)于CRISPR-Cas9的應(yīng)用大致可歸為五大方面：

1. 糾正致病的遺傳基因錯誤

通過修改人類胚胎的遺傳密碼可以將致病基因剔除，從而讓人類遠離遺傳疾病。舉個例子:地球上每500人中就有一人得肥厚型遺傳心肌?。℉CM），患者會表現(xiàn)出胸痛、無力的癥狀，甚至會出現(xiàn)心臟驟停的現(xiàn)象。通過使用這種技術(shù)，在胚胎發(fā)育的最早階段捕捉并修復(fù)突變基因，即可徹底治愈這種疾病。

2.“復(fù)活”已滅絕的物種

去年初，哈佛遺傳學家George Church在美國科學促進會年會上發(fā)表了一份重磅聲明，稱他的團隊距離研發(fā)出大象-猛犸象雜交胚胎僅需兩年時間！

Church和他的團隊希望利用 CRISPR 技術(shù)創(chuàng)造出亞洲象與猛犸象遺傳物質(zhì)相結(jié)合的新物種。猛犸象的遺傳基因來自西伯利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)的冷凍毛球中回收的 DNA。把猛犸象的基因組添加到亞洲象體內(nèi),將產(chǎn)生與猛犸象極為相似的生物體，如具有毛茸茸的長毛皮, 在寒冷的氣候中可起到保溫作用。到時候，霸王龍、翼龍都可能出現(xiàn)在動物園里~

3.抵抗高致病性的微生物

艾滋病至今沒有完美的治愈辦法？這種狀況可能會隨著CRISPR的應(yīng)用而改變。

2017年，我國研究人員通過將一種能有效防止病毒進入細胞的基因?qū)胄∈篌w內(nèi),成功地提高了小鼠對 HIV 的抵抗力。而這種基因的突變在小部分人群中可以自然發(fā)生，即這部分人群對于HIV具有免疫力。

如果用CRISPR技術(shù)將基因?qū)肫胀ㄈ巳海梢栽谖磥泶蟠蠹訌娙祟悓Π滩〉牡挚鼓芰?。目前，科學家們只是在動物身上進行這些實驗，但有理由相信相同的方法可以在人體中奏效。

此外，利用這種技術(shù)可以消除很多人體有害的微生物。

4.創(chuàng)造全新的、更健康的食物

紐約冷泉港實驗室研發(fā)了一種方法來編輯決定番茄大小、分枝結(jié)構(gòu)的基因，這樣可以大幅提高番茄植株的產(chǎn)量。

轉(zhuǎn)基因生物和基因編輯生物之間的區(qū)別非常簡單：傳統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)基因生物通過將外源DNA序列**入生物的基因組中，將性狀或特性傳遞給子代生物體；而基因編輯可以更加精準地改變原生基因組特**置的基因，通常會淘汰某些基因或改變它們的位置, 所有這些都沒有引入外來的 DNA！科學家也希望CRISPR能幫助人類擺脫對轉(zhuǎn)基因生物（GMOs）的憂慮，這一方法或?qū)⒔鉀Q全世界的糧食問題。

5.消滅地球上的有害生物

目前一些科學家決定通過消除傳播根源來減緩疾病的傳播。美國加利福尼亞大學的科學家研發(fā)出一種獨特的蚊子, 它對 CRISPR 的變化非常敏感, 使科學家能夠?qū)@種蚊子傳給其后代的特性進行精準的控制。

比如，通過剝奪蚊子的飛行能力和視力，或者干擾蚊子的繁殖方式來消滅蚊蟲。這樣就可以大大降低蚊子在人類中傳播危險傳染病的能力, eg：登革熱和黃熱病。

雖然CRISPR-Cas9這種強大的基因組編輯技術(shù)在未來具有無窮的潛力，但當前仍然處于探索CRISPR用以改變世界的最初級階段，因改變DNA的序列——生命源代碼也會帶來許多道德層面的問題和擔憂。不過，我們依然有理由相信CRISPR-Cas9最終將改變世界！

基因編輯技術(shù)CRISPR-Cas9是如何改變世界的？

CRISPR/Cas9，是目前最常用的一種基因編輯技術(shù)。其中CRISPR是 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats 的簡稱，中文是規(guī)律間隔成簇短回文重復(fù)序列，來自原核生物基因組；Cas9是CRISPR相關(guān)的酶（CRISPR-associated protein 9) 的簡稱，是可導(dǎo)致雙鏈DNA斷裂的內(nèi)切酶。

CRISPR/Cas9原本是廣泛存在于細菌和古細菌的適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng)，利用引導(dǎo)RNA（guide RNA，gRNA）干擾外來核酸，最早是1987年日本的一個課題組發(fā)現(xiàn)的該系統(tǒng)（Ishino et al. 1987），直到2012年CRISPR/Cas9系統(tǒng)基因編輯技術(shù)開始盛行。該系統(tǒng)在原核生物中分別在兩個階段：適應(yīng)階段（即細胞從外源DNA獲得新的間隔序列）和干擾階段（即利用最近獲得的間隔序列靶向并裂解侵入性核酸）發(fā)揮作用 (Deveau et al. 2010)。因此所以該基因編輯技術(shù)也包括兩個基本組成部分:一個是匹配所需目標基因的引導(dǎo)guide RNA，去特異性結(jié)合靶向DNA（相當于外來核酸）；，另一個是Cas9酶去切割目標DNA，切割的位點一般是PAM序列（5‘-NGG-3’）上游3個堿基處，從而幫助科學家對基因組進行修改編輯。

CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)引起了生物醫(yī)學研究的重大變革，它可以快速、廉價、相對容易地糾正基因組中的錯誤，開啟或關(guān)閉細胞和生物體中的基因。在實驗室中也得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，包括細胞和動物模型的構(gòu)建，功能基因組篩選和細胞基因組的實時成像。該技術(shù)已經(jīng)被證明可以用來修復(fù)老鼠的DNA缺陷，治愈遺傳疾病，潛在臨床應(yīng)用包括基因治療、治療感染疾病(如HIV)和用自體移植材料治療癌癥和其他疾病 (Redman et al. 2016)。

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參考文獻：

Deveau, Hélène; Garneau, Josiane E.; Moineau, Sylvain (2010): CRISPR/Cas system and its role in phage-bacteria interactions. In Annual review of microbiology 64, pp. 475–493. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134123 .

Redman, Melody; King, Andrew; Watson, Caroline; King, David (2016): What is CRISPR/Cas9? In Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition 101 (4), pp. 213–215. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310459 .

Ishino Y, Shinagawa H, Makino K, Amemura M, and Nakata A (1987) Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J Bacteriol 169: 5429–5433.