?photonics

photonics發(fā)音

英：[f??'t?n?ks]　　美：[fo?'t?n?ks]

英：　　美：

photonics中文意思翻譯

n. [物]光子學(xué)

photonics常見(jiàn)例句

1 、NPDMC is a three dimensional Monte Calor code for multigroup neutron and photon coupled transPOrt duct calculation.───NPDMC是一個(gè)我國(guó)研制的多群中子和光子耦合輸運(yùn)的三維孔道計(jì)算蒙特卡羅程序。

2 、The chance that an electron absorbs more than one photon is negligible.───一個(gè)電子吸收一個(gè)以上的光子的機(jī)會(huì)是極少的。

3 、His research interests include biomedical imaging and spectroscopy, biophysics, ultrafast lasers, nonlinear optics and photonics.───他的研究興趣包括生物醫(yī)學(xué)影像及光譜、生物物理、超快雷射、非線性光學(xué)以及光電子學(xué)。

4 、There they remain until stimulated by a PHOTON of the proper frequency.───在那里它們繼續(xù)保持直到通過(guò)適當(dāng)頻率的光子受激發(fā)。

5 、Electron-electron correlation studies in photon ionization.───光致電離中電子關(guān)聯(lián)的研究。

6 、I believe it fires a pulse of highenergy photons.─── 我覺(jué)得它會(huì)射出一束高能光子

7 、The reemission delay times of Au disk vs X rays photon energy were given and compared with recent experimental results.───在各種因素的影響下, X光各能區(qū)再發(fā)射的延遲時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致的。

8 、R. A. Modavis , T. W. Webb, ”Anamorphic Microlens for Laser Diode to Single-Mode Fiber Coupling”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, VOL. 7,NO. 7, July 1995.───呂昱寬，”新型四角錐光纖透鏡”，國(guó)立中山大學(xué)通訊工程研究所碩士論文，2003

9 、LED electronic display, with the computer and related microelectronics the rapid development of photonics technology and the formation of a new information display media.───LED電子顯示屏是隨著計(jì)算機(jī)及相關(guān)的微電子光電子技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展而形成的一種新型信息顯示媒體。

10 、When an atom shoots out a photon of light, it recoils like a gun.───原子發(fā)出光子時(shí)，會(huì)象**一樣地反沖。

11 、The Exact Electromagnetic Field Description of Photon Emission, Absorption, and Radiation Pattern. II.───關(guān)于光子輻射、吸收及輻射圖形的精確電磁場(chǎng)描述II.

12 、To appreciate this behaviour let's examine the dynamics associated with the odyssey of our single photon.───為了看出這一性質(zhì)，我們來(lái)考察與這個(gè)單個(gè)光子的征程相聯(lián)系的動(dòng)力學(xué)。

13 、The photon , not having a material mass , maybe considered as having radiation mass.───光子雖然沒(méi)有物質(zhì)質(zhì)量,但可以認(rèn)為它具有輻射質(zhì)量。

14 、How the photon goes to the surface of the Sun and leaves is roughly as follows.───光子在太陽(yáng)核心產(chǎn)生后,如何走到太陽(yáng)的表面呢?

15 、Why? As far as I know, photon is the best candidate for quantum computing and quantum communication. For example, see t ...───"利用光子做量子計(jì)算本身就是演示性的實(shí)驗(yàn),無(wú)法具有實(shí)用價(jià)值,潘本人應(yīng)該清楚這一點(diǎn)."

16 、During the transience the electron and photon populations deviate slightly from their equilibrium values respectively.───在瞬態(tài)過(guò)程中，電子和光子的密度各稍微偏離其平衡值。

17 、The photocatalysis of the semiconductive materials convert the photon energy to chemical energy.───半導(dǎo)體材料的光催化效應(yīng)可將光能轉(zhuǎn)化為化學(xué)能。

18 、Single Photon and Electron Medical Lineal Accelerator, 2sets.───單光子帶電子醫(yī)用直線加速器,2臺(tái)。

19 、Based on photon counting mode,a multi-channel continuous-wave(CW) diffuse optical tomography(DOT) system is designed for galactophore inspection.───基于光子計(jì)數(shù)原理,研發(fā)了一套用于乳腺檢測(cè)的多通道連續(xù)光(CW)**光學(xué)層析成像(DOT)系統(tǒng)。

20 、They are permanent as a photon is not.───它們是永恒的，而光子則不然。

21 、The photon belt is a bandwidth of energy that will filter out anything with non-resonant thought-form.───光子帶是一種能量帶寬，它將過(guò)濾掉任何不共振的思想形態(tài)。

22 、The annihilation of the infalling photon acts as a measurement, transferring the information contained in the matter to the outgoing Hawking radiation.───向內(nèi)墜落的光子，其毀滅的過(guò)程就是個(gè)測(cè)量的動(dòng)作，會(huì)將黑洞內(nèi)物質(zhì)的資訊轉(zhuǎn)移給向外發(fā)出的霍金輻射。

23 、Prof.Chinlon Lin has been appointed professor of photonics from 7th January 2003.Prof.───大學(xué)委任林清隆博士為光子學(xué)講座教授，任期由二零零三年一月七日起生效。

24 、Photons still travel at the speed of light in here.─── 光子在這里還是以光速運(yùn)行的

25 、Dual Photon and Electron Medical Lineal Accelerator,2sets.───雙光子帶電子醫(yī)用直線加速器,2臺(tái)。

26 、The outer band of the Photon Energy is very dense in order to sweep out the third-dimensional essence and to ignite the fourth-dimensional energy.───光子能量的外圍非常密集是為了要清掃第三度空間的本質(zhì)同時(shí)點(diǎn)燃第四的空間的能量。

27 、Here, within this crystal, there is this weird phenomena where sometimes a photon decays in two infrared photons, which are afterwards entangled.─── 這塊水晶體中發(fā)生了這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象 一個(gè)光子有時(shí)會(huì)衰減成兩個(gè)紅外光子 之后它們會(huì)糾纏在一起

28 、We can add plausibility to this statement by considering how a photon carries away angular momentum.───可以通過(guò)考慮一個(gè)光子如何帶走角動(dòng)量來(lái)為這種說(shuō)法的合理性增添份量。

29 、So if a photon is directed through a plane with two slits in it and either slit is observed,it will not go through both slits.───如果一個(gè)光子打向有兩個(gè)狹縫的平面,如果有一個(gè)狹縫可以觀測(cè)到,那它沒(méi)有同時(shí)通過(guò)兩個(gè)狹縫.

30 、And with our pylon down, our Photon Cannons go offline, making us vulnerable to continued attack.───如果我們的"能量塔"被摧毀,我們的"光子加農(nóng)炮"就會(huì)失去動(dòng)力,這樣我們就容易受到持續(xù)的攻擊.

31 、Photon airship makes people enters aerospace to be just like ferial travel.───光子飛船使人們進(jìn)入太空就象平日旅游。

32 、A relatively high-energy photon with wavelength in the approximate range from0.01 to10 nanometers.───X光一種相對(duì)的高能光，波長(zhǎng)在0。01毫微米（埃）到100毫微米（埃）之間

33 、Now, mysteriously, the single photon appears to pass through both slits at the same time, as evidenced by the interference pattern that starts to appear when the photon hits the back sensor.─── 不知為何 單量子 似乎同時(shí)穿過(guò)了兩條狹縫 證據(jù)就是干涉圖樣 在光子接觸 后傳感器時(shí) 就開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)

34 、The ischemia region of the heart decreased through the single photon emission computed tomographic(SPECT) test.───單光子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)體層攝影術(shù)(SPECT)檢查心肌缺血區(qū)縮小。

35 、If you can manipulate one photon on one side, you can somehow influence the photon on the other side more or less immediately and you can actually communicate faster than the speed of light.─── 如果你能在一邊操控一個(gè)光子 你便能夠以 以差不多即刻的速度影響另一邊的光子 你就能夠以快于光速的速度交流

36 、The multiple elastic scattering of photon can effectively enhance the gain length.───光子和散射顆粒的多次彈性散射可以增大有效增益長(zhǎng)度。

37 、In the photon picture, an electron literally absorbs a blast of energy as opposed to a gradual trickle.───在光子圖象中，一個(gè)電子確確實(shí)實(shí)是一下子吸收一股能量，而不是逐漸地吸收。

38 、A zero walkoff point occurs at the low frequency region in this photonics crystal fiber (PCF).───雙折射、走離參數(shù)與頻率的依賴關(guān)系與普通保偏光纖存在很大差別。

39 、This second source of life-giving photon energy contains a great deal of data from your local Spiritual Hierarchy.───光禮物光子能第二個(gè)來(lái)源含有大量來(lái)自本地靈魂層級(jí)的數(shù)據(jù)。

40 、The photon is the carrier of electromagnetism.───光子是電磁波的載體。

41 、Some of the energy intended for the photon is drained off by the recoiling atom.───原來(lái)給予光子的能量有一部分為反沖原子所消耗。

42 、No, the device's photonic discharge cells were damaged.─── 不行 裝置的光子充電電池被破壞了

43 、In atoms, the excited electron returns to a lower orbital, emitting a photon.───在原子，被激發(fā)的電子釋放出一個(gè)光子，回到能量較低的軌道；

44 、B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, “Fundamentals of Photonics, ”(Weily, 1991), Chapter7.───吳曜東,”光纖原理與應(yīng)用,”全華科技圖書(shū)股份有限公司,2001。

45 、Why do tender skin technology and traditional method form have photon to distinguish?───光子嫩膚技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式有何區(qū)別?

46 、Are Photon and Phase Cannons 2 different buildings?───光子炮和相位光炮是兩種不同的東西么?

47 、Has been has been photon depilated or laser depilated?───光子脫毛好還是激光脫毛好?

48 、The spontaneous luminescence could he measured by means of photon counting and imaging acquisition.───光子計(jì)數(shù)和采集圖象均可得到植物體的自發(fā)發(fā)光；

49 、You will literally be leaving the Third Dimension and caught up in the Fourth Dimensions, with the Photon Energy mixing in.───你將藉由光子能量參與進(jìn)來(lái)而真正地離開(kāi)第三度空間追上第四度空間。

50 、Bremsstrahlung produced at an internal target of the accelerator will have a maximum photon energy equal to Ea.───在加速器的內(nèi)靶上產(chǎn)生的軔致輻射的最大光子能量將等于Ea。

51 、The feature of the photon diffusive imaging system can thus be characterized with a pulse spreading function.───光子**成像系統(tǒng)的作用可用一個(gè)脈沖響應(yīng)函數(shù)來(lái)表征。

52 、And you can see with our Photon Cannons back online, the Reapers have no choice but to run for cover.───大家看到"光子加農(nóng)炮"又有了動(dòng),"收割者"沒(méi)有選擇余地只好撤退.

53 、So, this is an entangled photon source, where the magic happens.─── 這是一個(gè)糾纏光子源 奇跡將在這里發(fā)生

54 、Single Photon Medical Lineal Accelerator,1set.───單光子醫(yī)用直線加速器,1臺(tái)。

55 、The unstability of any isolated pure photon system is indicated from the angle of energy.───從能量角度論述了孤立純光子系統(tǒng)是不穩(wěn)定的。

56 、Ting-Yi Cho wins Best Student Paper Award in Optics and Photonics Taiwan 2003.───卓庭毅獲2003臺(tái)灣光電研討會(huì)論文獎(jiǎng)！

57 、SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computer Tomgraphy.───單光子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描儀。

58 、The quantum of light is called a photon.───光的量子就稱為光子。

59 、One could think of, if you can manipulate one photon on one side, that you can somehow influence the photon on the other side more or less immediately.─── 有的人認(rèn)為 如果你能在一邊操控一個(gè)光子 你便能夠以差不多即刻的速度影響 另一邊的光子

60 、The energy of the photon gives its color, or wavelength.───光子的能量決定了光子的顏色，也就決定了它的波長(zhǎng)。

61 、Photonics, the alliance of optics and electronics, is one of the most exciting and dynamic industries of the information age.───光電，融合了光學(xué)和電子學(xué)，是信息時(shí)代最激動(dòng)人心的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。

62 、And you can see with our Photon Cannons back online.───你看到了我們的炮臺(tái)又恢復(fù)了對(duì)敵攻擊。

63 、Optical switch is a very important and wide application photonics device.───光開(kāi)關(guān)是最重要的、也是應(yīng)用最廣泛的光子學(xué)器件。

64 、You’re also welcome to visit us (Booth 6133, E1 hall) at Laser, World of Photonics China 2007 to know more about the innovative technology.───另外，也歡迎您蒞臨喜諾發(fā)設(shè)在2007中國(guó)國(guó)際應(yīng)用激光展的展臺(tái) (E1館6133展位)，與我們交流，更多地了解此項(xiàng)革命性技術(shù)。

65 、They perceive that this is the vibration that a group must hold in order to enter the photon belt without combusting.───他們覺(jué)察到，為了進(jìn)入光子帶而不燃燒，這是一個(gè)群體必須持有的振動(dòng)。

66 、A real or virtual photon may spontaneously annihilate.───一個(gè)實(shí)的或虛的光子可以自發(fā)地湮沒(méi)。

67 、Therefore, G-APD array is a great advantage at the array photonics detector development, and it will be applied widely in the advanced photonics imaging area.───因此，G-APD陣列是目前陣列光電探測(cè)器件的一個(gè)重大發(fā)展，必將在各種高端光電成像領(lǐng)域獲得廣泛的應(yīng)用。

68 、A Vacuum ultraviolet radiatien source with photon energy of 10.2 eV is used. The speed of the gas sampling pump is 0.51 L/min.───儀器中采用的光電離源是一光子能量為10.2電子伏特的真空紫外輻射源,氣體進(jìn)樣泵速為0.5升/分.

69 、The expression of single photon acquisition probability is deduced from the fundamental-mode Gaussian beam.───基于基模高斯光束，推導(dǎo)了單光子捕獲概率的表達(dá)式。

70 、But because the universe is expanding, the space traversed by a photon expands behind it during the voyage.───不過(guò)由于宇宙在膨脹，光子之前所曾走過(guò)的空間，在其經(jīng)過(guò)之后已在它背后膨脹。

71 、The three days of darkness actually pertain to Mother Earth's entry into the Photon Belt.───三天的黑暗實(shí)際上是關(guān)于大地之母進(jìn)入光子帶。

72 、Photon owns the characteristics of quanta and electromagnetic.Light speed is its physics constant.───光子具有量子性、電磁特性等等，光速是它的物理常量。

73 、Can the photon be treated as a frame of reference?───光子能否作參考系呢?

74 、In the case of a polychromatic source in X-ray TICT,the phenomenon of Compton photon scattering in material takes place.───在X射線源透射式工業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描成像技術(shù)(X-TICT)中,X射線透射物質(zhì)時(shí),發(fā)生了Compton光子散射現(xiàn)象,有用信息連同散射光子一起進(jìn)入探頭形成偽影。

75 、He accessed the blueprints for our photonic containment system.─── 他獲取了我們光子遏制系統(tǒng)的藍(lán)圖

76 、One of those assumptions is that only a single photon represents each qubit.───其中一個(gè)假設(shè)是，一個(gè)量子位元只由一個(gè)光子表示。

77 、Closely related to PET is single- photon emission computed tomography, or SPECT.───與正電子發(fā)射X射線攝影技術(shù)密切相關(guān)的是單光子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)化成像（SPECT）。

78 、A relatively high - energy photon with wavelength in the approximate range from0.01to10nanometers.───X光一種相對(duì)的高能光，波長(zhǎng)在0。01毫微米(埃)到100毫微米(埃)之間

79 、Through a dynamical simulation, our study of photoinduced phenomenon shows that, by absorbing a photon, a bipolaron is split into two polarons.───在導(dǎo)電高聚物中，一個(gè)極化子帶有電荷 和自旋 ，一個(gè)雙極化子帶有電荷而不帶自旋。

80 、These cuffs are absorbing my photon energy.─── 這些手銬在吸收我的光子能量

81 、And, as they report in Nature Photonics, an important part of the puzzle has just fallen into place.───因而，如同他們發(fā)表在自然光子學(xué)里的論文所述，未解之謎已接近塵埃落定。

82 、Hence, the interaction of THz photon with the living biomolecule system can lead to the resonance effect.───因此, 太赫茲光子是能夠與活的生物分子系統(tǒng)發(fā)生相互作用的,并產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的共振吸收效應(yīng)。

83 、Photon Cannons, or the little hand thingies.───光子炮，就是那個(gè)小手一樣的東西。

84 、The original (real or virtual) photon is re-created.───原來(lái)的光子（實(shí)的或虛的）再度產(chǎn)生。

85 、On the third day, Mother Earth will fully enter the Photon Belt and the actual Shift to the Fourth Dimension will occur.───在第三天，大地之母將完全進(jìn)入光子帶而且上升到第四度空間的真實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移將發(fā)生。

86 、The upconverted blue fluorescence in Er_3+ doped silica fibers pumped by aCW 1064 nm laser can be generated through a three--photon process.───在1064um連續(xù)激光泵浦下,摻鉺石英光纖中的鉺離子通過(guò)三光子(雙光子吸收和單光子吸收)過(guò)程能產(chǎn)生頻率上轉(zhuǎn)換藍(lán)熒光。

87 、Established in 1994, Zugo Photonics is a first-class dealer in electro-optics components for the Asian market. We have two locations is China.───卓克光電成立于1994年,是目前亞洲一流的光電產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商。在中國(guó)卓克光電擁有兩家公司。

88 、The Monolithic Integration of a Superluminescent Diode with a Power Amplifier. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,1998,10(1).───1998年至2000年擔(dān)任國(guó)家“863”高技術(shù)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目“超輻射發(fā)光管與光放大器單片集成光源”負(fù)責(zé)人。

89 、The upper limit of photon mass is 1.2x10-51 g.───光子的靜止質(zhì)量光子的靜止質(zhì)量上限是1.2x10-51g。

90 、Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (PSTM ) is a kind of scanning probe microscopy with high resolution.───光子掃描隧道顯微鏡(PSTM)是一種高分辨率的掃描探針式顯微鏡。

哪里有關(guān)于光學(xué)的英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

Optics is the study of the behavior and properties of light including its interactions with matter and its detection by instruments. The word optics comes from ὀπτική, meaning appearance or look in ancient Greek.

Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light; however because light is an electromagnetic wave, similar phenomena occur in X-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation and analogous phenomena occur with charged particle beams.Since the discovery by James Clerk Maxwell that light is electromagnetic radiation, optics has largely been regarded in theoretical physics as a sub-field of electromagnetism. Some optical phenomena depend on the quantum nature of light relating some areas of optics to quantum mechanics. In practice, the vast majority of optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of light, as described by Maxwell's equations, resorting to phenomenological rules (e.g. Beer's Law, constitutive equations) to describe the interaction of light with matter. Even when still completely classical, complete electromagnetic descriptions of optical behavior are often difficult to apply to practical problems. This is why particular simplified models are used instead, notably those of geometrical optics and physical optics. These limited models adequately describe large subsets of optical phenomena while ignoring behavior that is insignificant for the system of interest.

The pure science of optics is called optical science or optical physics to distinguish it from applied optical sciences, which are referred to as optical engineering. Prominent subfields of optical engineering include illumination engineering, photonics, and optoelectronics. Some of these fields overlap, with nebulous boundaries between the subjects terms that mean slightly different things in different parts of the world and in different areas of industry. A professional community of researchers in nonlinear optics has developed in the last several decades due to advances in laser technology.

Optical science is relevant to and studied in many related disciplines including electrical engineering, psychology, and medicine (particularly ophthalmology and optometry).

美國(guó)光電專業(yè)的基本介紹

　提到美國(guó)光學(xué)專業(yè)，就不能不提美國(guó)三大光學(xué)中心：U of Arizona，U of Rochester，U Central Florida，要申請(qǐng)光電專業(yè)的申請(qǐng)者最好都細(xì)細(xì)看看這三個(gè)學(xué)校的網(wǎng)站。可能你不一定會(huì)申請(qǐng)，但是他們網(wǎng)站上對(duì)于光學(xué)專業(yè)的介紹以及指導(dǎo)可能會(huì)給你一種醍醐灌頂?shù)母杏X(jué)?？傮w而言，U Arizona和U Central Florida偏向Engineering，U of Rochester更Theoretical一點(diǎn)，當(dāng)然不是一概而論，需要看具體的方向和老板。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，U Arizona各個(gè)分支都很強(qiáng)，但是大陸的學(xué)生本科畢業(yè)直接申P(guān)HD難度很大;U Rochester歷來(lái)牛人輩出，理論研究尤其牛，每年也都會(huì)在中國(guó)大陸招幾個(gè)人;U Central Florida的光學(xué)方向很全，液晶和激光尤其強(qiáng)悍，每年都會(huì)留幾個(gè)名額給中國(guó)大陸的學(xué)生(但是今年由于funding原因，就招了我一個(gè)中國(guó)學(xué)生)，比較傾向于招浙大的學(xué)生。直接進(jìn)入這三所學(xué)校難度較大，很多中國(guó)學(xué)生都是transfer進(jìn)去的，有的換系，有的換學(xué)校。所以大家如果被拒也不用灰心，錄取比例實(shí)在比較低，其中有學(xué)校為了diversity的目的。所以如果實(shí)在非這幾個(gè)不去，可以考慮曲線救國(guó)。

　　University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

　光電專業(yè)實(shí)力很強(qiáng)，教授多，研究方向也比較全，其中Optoelectronics尤其強(qiáng)。U Michigan的Optoelectronics組規(guī)模很大，所以funding不是問(wèn)題，每年都會(huì)招很多學(xué)生，不過(guò)申請(qǐng)難度也不小。

　University of California–Santa Barbara

　UCSB的光電集成電路是北美最強(qiáng)的幾個(gè)集成光電中心之一(有可能是高校中最強(qiáng)的)。主要有四個(gè)教授：Coldren，Bowers，Blumenthal，Dagli。前三個(gè)教授最近幾年每年都有百萬(wàn)計(jì)的錢入賬，幾乎每年都會(huì)招人。Bowers每年都會(huì)招好幾個(gè)。Dagli也很牛，但組規(guī)模小而精，幾年只招一個(gè)人。如果想做光電集成電路，UCSB基本是最佳選擇之一。還有兩個(gè)LED的教授：Denbaars和Nakamura，其中Nakamura尤其牛。另外，做MBE的Gossard和做Quantum Structures andDevices的Petroff以前都是AT&TBell的骨干。那里所有的博士生都能保證有導(dǎo)師，有funding，科研環(huán)境比較寬松，條件也很好。尤其是electronicsphotonics方向，有非常充足的錢提供科研。作為三五族半導(dǎo)體的圣地，這里有北美最好的cleanroom之一，也有(可能是)北美最多的MOCVD和MBE。但是，總體來(lái)說(shuō)UCSB的ECE不像其他學(xué)校，沒(méi)有那么依賴中國(guó)人，所以UCSB的申請(qǐng)還是挺難的，photonics方向幾年來(lái)也幾乎沒(méi)招幾個(gè)中國(guó)人。

　　University of California–San Diego

　UCSD有個(gè)Photonics/Opto-Electronics Program，下面有四個(gè)做光電的研究組。分別是High Speed Devices Group，OptoElectronic Computing Group，Ultrafast and Nanoscale Optics Group，Photonic Systems Integration Lab，UCSD Photonic Systems Group，研究實(shí)力都還不錯(cuò)，畢竟地處加州。

　　Georgia Tech

　這個(gè)學(xué)校工科特別大，比較全，所以排名很高。光電來(lái)說(shuō)，基本上做什么方向的都有。不過(guò)據(jù)說(shuō)這個(gè)學(xué)校如果套詞沒(méi)人回信是沒(méi)有希望的，這個(gè)學(xué)校審材料的過(guò)程是先挑出一些特別好的，其他人的材料就被扔在那里，等著教授自己去拿。如果沒(méi)有人拿你的材料，他就一直拖著，直到最后小米清理完一起來(lái)拒。