extradition是什么意思,extradition中文翻譯,extradition發(fā)音、用法及例句
?extradition
extradition發(fā)音
英:[?ekstr?'d??n] 美:[??kstr??d???n]
英: 美:
extradition中文意思翻譯
n.引渡逃犯, 將亡命者送還本國(guó)
extradition詞形變化
動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞: extraditing | 動(dòng)詞過去式: extradited | 動(dòng)詞過去分詞: extradited | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù): extradites |
extradition常見例句
1 、He waived extradition at a hearing in Los Angeles this morning.───上午在洛杉磯他放棄了引渡聽證。
2 、Introduction of the Canadian Extradition System───加拿大引渡制度簡(jiǎn)介
3 、With whom we don't have an extradition treaty.─── 而我們跟那里沒有簽過引渡條約
4 、We don't even have extradition with them.─── 我們都沒和他們引渡過罪犯
5 、Principles of international co-operation in the detection, arrest, extradition and punishment of persons guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity───引渡和懲治戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪犯和危害人類罪犯的國(guó)際合作原則
6 、Extradition principle───引渡原則
7 、His extradition hearing is scheduled to take place in Los Angeles.───關(guān)于他引渡逃亡的聽證會(huì)預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)在洛杉磯舉行。
8 、But Mr Grushko hit back yesterday, claiming the UK has rejected 21 extradition requests from Russia.───但是,昨天哥拉斯科先生回應(yīng)聲明:英國(guó)已經(jīng)拒絕了俄羅斯對(duì)21名嫌犯的引渡請(qǐng)求.
9 、An Analysis of the Effectiveness Regarding the Extradition Appeal of International Criminal Court───國(guó)際刑事法院引渡請(qǐng)求之國(guó)際法效力評(píng)析
10 、Analysis on the Reform of Modern Extradition System from the Case of Yu Zhendong───從余振東等案解析現(xiàn)代引渡制度的變革
11 、"Mr McKinnon is accused of serious crimes and the US has a lawful right to seek his extradition, as we do when we wish to prosecute people who break our laws.───“麥金農(nóng)先生被指控犯下了嚴(yán)重的罪行,并且美國(guó)具有尋求引渡他的合法權(quán)利,正如,當(dāng)我們想要起訴違反我國(guó)法律的罪犯時(shí),我們也會(huì)這樣做?!?/p>
12 、Protection and immunity from extradition granted by a government to a political refugee from another country.───庇護(hù)一國(guó)政府對(duì)他國(guó)政治難民提供的保護(hù)和豁免
13 、In order to execute the extradition of criminals of corruption, it is a good choice for Chins to accept the principle of non-extradition of the death sentence.───為了實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)腐敗犯罪的引渡,接受“死刑犯不引渡原則”則是我國(guó)的上上選擇。
14 、extradition agreement───引渡協(xié)議
15 、The non-extradition of political crime, the non-extradition of nationals and other issues lag the bilateral anti-crime reality in extradition treaties between China and ASEAN countries.───中國(guó)和東盟國(guó)家已經(jīng)簽署的引渡條約在政治犯罪不引渡、本國(guó)國(guó)民不引渡等問題規(guī)定落后雙邊打擊犯罪現(xiàn)實(shí),亟需改進(jìn);
16 、When executing the compulsory measure for extradition, the public security organ shall inform that person of the above-mentioned right his is entitled to.───公安機(jī)關(guān)在執(zhí)行引渡強(qiáng)制措施時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)告知被采取引渡強(qiáng)制措施的人享有上述權(quán)利。
17 、The European convention on Extradition───《歐洲引渡公約》
18 、Mr Nkunda's extradition by Rwanda to Congo could take some heat off Mr Kabila and help him sell a seemingly unholy alliance with Mr Kagame to the sceptical Congolese: a tricky task.───將恩昆達(dá)從盧旺達(dá)引渡回剛果會(huì)稍微減輕卡比拉的壓力,同時(shí)有助于向?qū)ζ涑謶岩蓱B(tài)度的剛果民眾兜售他和卡加梅組成的聯(lián)盟(表面上看起來有些像邪惡同盟)。
19 、Amnesty says it has records of nearly 1000 flights used by the CIA for what's known as "extraordinary rendition", where suspects are moved between countries without extradition.───大赦國(guó)際表示他們掌握了中央情報(bào)局用來執(zhí)行“非常規(guī)引渡”的近1000個(gè)航班的記錄。通過這些航班,中央情報(bào)局避開常規(guī)引渡手續(xù),把嫌疑份子在一些國(guó)家之間運(yùn)送。
20 、The measures taken in relation to the offender or the allegedoffender and, in particul ar, the results of any extradition proceedingsor other legal proceedings.───對(duì)罪犯或被指稱的罪犯采取的措施,尤其是任何引渡程序或其它法律程序的結(jié)果。
21 、Canada wouldn't extradite if there was any chance of that.─── 加拿大是不會(huì)同意以謀殺罪引渡的
22 、extradition convention───引渡專約
23 、Meanwhile liaison was established with the Extradition Unit of the Metropolitan Police in London to trace Launder who had business interests in London, Spain and Germany.───同時(shí),又與倫敦首都警隊(duì)的引渡組聯(lián)絡(luò),追尋在倫敦、西班牙及德國(guó)均有生意的袁朗達(dá)的蹤跡。
24 、His lawyers argue that extradition arrangements between Britain and the US are imbalanced.───他的律師認(rèn)為英國(guó)與美國(guó)之間的引渡安排是不對(duì)等的。
25 、form of extradition───[法] 引渡方式
26 、extradition de facto───[法] 事實(shí)上的引渡
27 、He also said that Thailand signed an extradition agreement with Hun Sen's government in May, and therefore Thailand could also extradite by law those wanted by Phnom Penn for punishment.───他也說,泰國(guó)今年5月同洪森政府簽訂了犯人引渡協(xié)定,因此泰國(guó)也可依法將柬方通緝的人員交給金邊當(dāng)局治罪。
28 、Extradition Law of the People's Republic of Chin.───中華人民共和國(guó)引渡法。
29 、However, the U.S. does not have an extradition treaty with China so officials waited for Freeman to leave China before arresting him.───但是由于美國(guó)和中國(guó)沒有引渡條約,所以有關(guān)官員一直等到弗里曼離開中國(guó)時(shí)才將他逮捕。
30 、British man facing charges of hacking into top secret computers in the United States has lost an appeal in the high court in London against his extradition.───倫敦最高法院審理了一位英國(guó)藉男性被控入侵美國(guó)高度機(jī)密計(jì)算機(jī)一案,駁回了他不受引渡的請(qǐng)求。
31 、The decision on temporary extradition shall be made by the State Council after obtaining consent of the Supreme People's Court or the Supreme People's Procuratorate, as the case may be.───臨時(shí)引渡的決定,由國(guó)務(wù)院征得最高人民法院或者最高人民檢察院的同意后作出。
32 、The Principle of Double Criminality in Extradition and its Development───引渡中的雙重犯罪原則及其發(fā)展
33 、extradition of aliens───[法] 引渡外僑
34 、Analyses on basic Extradite Principle in Chinese and Foreign Extradition Treaty───中外雙邊引渡條約中有關(guān)引渡的一般原則探析
35 、protection and immunity from extradition granted by a government to a political refugee from another country───庇護(hù),一國(guó)政府對(duì)他國(guó)政治難民提供的保護(hù)和豁免
36 、demandant of extradition───[法] 引渡請(qǐng)求書
37 、Convention on Extradition───引渡公約
38 、Appeals to the House of Lords objecting to extradition.───向英國(guó)上議院申請(qǐng),拒絕被引渡。
39 、Speed up an extradition agreement with China!───加快和中國(guó)簽訂引渡協(xié)議!
40 、And Corporal Cesar Laurean could remain there for a year if he fights extradition .───如果拒絕引渡,他將可能被拘留在當(dāng)?shù)匾荒辍?/p>
41 、It is necessary to open up new cooperation ideas with some countries which do not sign extradition treaties with China, for extradition can not be carried out under the International Convention.───對(duì)于尚未與中國(guó)簽署引渡條約的國(guó)家,由于不能根據(jù)國(guó)際公約開展引渡合作,只能開創(chuàng)新的合作思路。
42 、A different method had been used for handling the extradition documents prepared in England.───處理英國(guó)那批引渡文件的方法有所不同。
43 、On the Completion of the Extradition Law in China from the New Development of International Extradition System───從國(guó)際引渡制度的新發(fā)展看我國(guó)引渡法的完善
44 、You think extradition's a victory. It is.─── 你認(rèn)為引渡是一種勝利 沒錯(cuò)
45 、The New Development of the Rules for the Cooperation in the International Extradition───國(guó)際引渡合作規(guī)則的新發(fā)展
46 、China is now trying to make stronger international links, signing extradition treaties with 40 countries. Since 1993, 210 suspects have been returned to China.───中國(guó)正逐步加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作,已與40個(gè)國(guó)家簽署引渡協(xié)議,從1993年以來,共有210名嫌疑犯被引渡回國(guó)。
47 、Until he had secured his extradition, he would not lose sight of him for an hour───他要寸步不離地跟著他,一直到辦好引渡的手續(xù)為止。
48 、to start extradition proceedings───啟動(dòng)引渡程序
49 、Actually, there are no extradition papers on him.─── 可是并沒有正式的引渡文件
50 、No cooperation in extradition may impair the sovereignty, security or public interests of the People's Republic of China.───引渡合作,不得損害中華人民共和國(guó)的主權(quán)、全和社會(huì)公共利益。
51 、He began to trouble concerning the extradition laws.───他開始費(fèi)盡心思地去想關(guān)于引渡法的問題。
52 、For Mr Polanski's fans, the extradition decision is vindictive and sinister.───對(duì)羅曼斯基先生的影迷來說,將其引渡是個(gè)蓄意報(bào)復(fù)、陰險(xiǎn)狡詐的決定。
53 、A lack of any extradition agreement, easy immigration, and easy transfer of money make these two countries favorites of corrupt Chinese officials.───原因是這兩個(gè)國(guó)家與中國(guó)之間并無引渡條例,加上加國(guó)移民條例寬松,資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移容易,大開方便之門。
54 、Where the measure of arrest for extradition is not taken against the person sought, a decision for residential surveillance shall be made without delay.───對(duì)被請(qǐng)求引渡人不采取引渡逮捕措施的,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)作出引渡監(jiān)視居住的決定。
55 、But the chances of his appearing in an Indian court still seem slim, given that there hasn't to date been any formal extradition request.───但是目前要安德森在印度出庭的機(jī)會(huì)還是不大,因?yàn)榈侥壳盀橹?,他們還沒有給出任何正式引渡的要求。
56 、Principles of International Cooperation in the Detection, Arrest, Extradition and Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity [1973]───關(guān)于偵察、逮捕、引渡和懲治戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪犯和危害人類罪犯的國(guó)際合作原則
57 、An appeals court in Toulouse has been asked to rule on a request from Kigali for the suspect’s extradition, said Bometon.───布梅通說:基加利已經(jīng)要求圖盧茲的上訴法院按照國(guó)際慣例將犯罪嫌疑人引渡回去。
58 、the Extradition Act 2003───2003年引渡協(xié)議
59 、"China is now trying to make stronger international links, signing extradition treaties with 40 countries. Since 1993, 210 suspects have been returned to China."───"中國(guó)正逐步加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作,已與40個(gè)國(guó)家簽署引渡協(xié)議,從1993年以來,共有210名嫌疑犯被引渡回國(guó)。"
60 、China is now trying to make stronger international links, signing extradition treaties with 40 countries───中國(guó)正逐步加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作,已與40個(gè)國(guó)家簽署引渡協(xié)議。
61 、Fourthly, the responding system of "the additional condition by which extradition may be permitted in the country which was asked" should be detailed so as to extradite and penalize the suspect.───四是細(xì)化對(duì)“被請(qǐng)求國(guó)就準(zhǔn)予引渡附加條件”的回應(yīng)制度,以及時(shí)有效地引渡和懲治外逃犯罪嫌疑人。
62 、This extradition waiver you said it was ripped up.─── 你說這份引渡棄權(quán)聲明書被撕得粉碎
63 、treaty of extradition───[法] 引渡
64 、"Yuan-hua Smuggling Case" in Xiamen and "Lai Changxing Extradition case" aroused special attention from the nationals to the extradition issue.───廈門“遠(yuǎn)華**案”及賴昌星引渡案引起了國(guó)人對(duì)引渡問題前所未有的關(guān)注。
65 、China is now trying to make stronger international links, signing extradition treaties with 40 countries.───中國(guó)正逐步加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作, 已與40個(gè)國(guó)家簽署引渡協(xié)議。
66 、"The person sought"refers to the person for whom a request for grant of extradition is made by a requesting state;───“被請(qǐng)求引渡人”是指請(qǐng)求國(guó)向被請(qǐng)求國(guó)請(qǐng)求準(zhǔn)予引渡的人;
67 、Another difference concerns what lawyers call “specialty”: making sure the person is prosecuted only for the crime the extradition order cites.───另一項(xiàng)差別在于律師所說的“契約”:須確保被告僅受到引渡命令所提到的罪名的指控。
68 、Let's find an island where they won't extradite.─── 我們?nèi)フ乙粋€(gè)他們沒法引渡的小島吧
69 、disguised extradition───變相引渡
70 、Lawyers for former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic face a deadline Friday to file an appeal against his extradition to the Hague tribunal to face war crimes charges.───前波黑塞族**卡拉季奇的律師必須在星期五截止之前,擬好有關(guān)反對(duì)將卡拉季奇引渡到海牙前南刑庭接受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)犯罪的指控的文件。
71 、In fighting extradition, Lai's lawyers have argued that that he may be sentenced to death in China.───為了不讓賴昌星被引渡回中國(guó),他的律師們聲稱,賴昌星在中國(guó)有可能被判處死刑。
72 、Based on a true story, Real Crimes: The Unicorn Killer, takes you on the long-running chase and extradition of this dangerous criminal!───基于一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事,真實(shí)犯罪:在獨(dú)角獸殺手,需要你長(zhǎng)時(shí)間運(yùn)行大通和引渡這一危險(xiǎn)犯罪!
73 、French-born Pole, Mr Polanski has dual citizenship, thus benefiting from France's restrictive extradition laws.───出生在法國(guó)的波蘭斯基先生擁有雙重國(guó)籍,因此他很好的利用了法國(guó)嚴(yán)格的引渡法。
74 、A sound understanding of basic principles of extradition at first , helps answer the question“why so difficult to extradite criminals that fled overseas?───引渡外逃貪官和其他外逃刑事罪犯為何如此之難?要回答這個(gè)問題,必須深入了解引渡的基本原則。
75 、extradition proceedings───[法] 引渡訴訟
76 、If the person sought is not arrested for extradition, the People's Court shall immediately make a decision to arrest that person for extradition.───如果被請(qǐng)求引渡人尚未被引渡逮捕的,人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)立即決定引渡逮捕。
77 、Wednesday in the House of Lords court, the 42-year-old McKinnon on the appeal against the extradition by a judge dismissed.───在周三的英國(guó)上議院法庭上,42歲的麥金農(nóng)有關(guān)反對(duì)引渡的上訴被法官駁回。
78 、Applies to the High Court for a judicial review of the extradition order but is rejected.───向香港高等法院申請(qǐng)司法覆核,推翻引渡令,被拒。
79 、On January 9th a Florida judge rejected his appeal against extradition.───1月9日,佛羅里達(dá)州的一名法官駁回了他反對(duì)引渡的上訴。
80 、extradition crime───[法] 引渡罪
81 、Extradition System───引渡制度
82 、??? this is China close-stitches a corrupt great victory, has created beside the extradition another alternative measure.───“這是中國(guó)緝貪的一次重大勝利,創(chuàng)造了引渡之外的另一個(gè)替代措施。”
83 、Kazakhstan turned over(移交給) an Uzbek human-rights activist to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, defying demands for his extradition by Uzbekistan's authorities.───哈薩克斯坦拒絕烏茲別克斯坦當(dāng)局要引渡一個(gè)烏茲別克人權(quán)分子回國(guó)的要求,并將此人移交給聯(lián)合國(guó)負(fù)責(zé)流亡者事務(wù)的高級(jí)官員。
84 、If we had extradited him, then we would have interfered.─── 如果我們引渡他 才是干涉貴國(guó)內(nèi)政
85 、We're curious as to your view on extradition.─── 我們想知道你對(duì)引渡條約的觀點(diǎn)
86 、Your extradition to Ireland has been approved.─── 已經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)你引渡回愛爾蘭了
87 、3 。States Parties undertake to include the offence of enforced disappearance as an extraditable offence in any extradition treaty subsequently to be concluded between them.───各締約國(guó)承諾,包括強(qiáng)迫失蹤罪作為一種可引渡的罪行的任何引渡條約,隨后它們之間將要締結(jié)的。
88 、Last week, the Russian prosecutor general announced that he had signed an extradition order for 13 refugees ?12 Uzbeks and one Kyrgyz ?who are also wanted in connection with the Andijan events.───吉爾吉斯在1996年簽署該公約。聯(lián)合國(guó)在2003年出版的刑求報(bào)告指出,烏國(guó)的刑求是有系統(tǒng)地進(jìn)行。
89 、Cesar Laurean could remain there for a year if he fight extradition.───如果他拒絕引渡他可能在那呆上一年。
90 、Former Chilean dictator General Augusto Pinochet is waiting to hear whether he will be allowed to escape extradition on torture charges.───前智利獨(dú)裁者皮諾切特將軍正在等待最后裁決,從而知道他是因侵犯人權(quán)被引渡,還是被允許返回智利。
什么叫引渡?引渡和遣返有什么區(qū)別?
引渡(extradition)是指國(guó)家根據(jù)條約或基于其他理由把在其境內(nèi)而被別國(guó)指控或判定犯罪的人,應(yīng)該國(guó)得請(qǐng)求,移交改過審判或處罰的行為。是國(guó)家之間刑事司法協(xié)助的一種形式。比如賴昌興目前身在加拿大境內(nèi),但被我國(guó)指控有犯罪行為,我國(guó)向加拿大請(qǐng)求將其移交于我國(guó)進(jìn)行審判。加拿大應(yīng)請(qǐng)求移交的行為就是引渡。
引渡的法律基礎(chǔ)是一個(gè)主權(quán)國(guó)家對(duì)犯罪的管轄權(quán),包括屬地,屬人和其他管轄權(quán)等。也就 是說,請(qǐng)求引渡的國(guó)家,基于國(guó)際法上承認(rèn)的依據(jù),對(duì)該名身處他國(guó)境內(nèi)罪犯享有管轄權(quán)??梢砸傻淖镄性?9世紀(jì)以前主要是政治犯,異教徒和逃兵。但由于資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命得勝利,罪刑法定和民主原則得確立使引渡的對(duì)象發(fā)生了根本改變。各國(guó)變?yōu)橹灰善胀ㄐ淌路浮?政治犯不引渡"原則已經(jīng)成為國(guó)際公認(rèn)的習(xí)慣法則。
引渡條約使國(guó)家間引渡罪犯依據(jù)。因?yàn)閲?guó)際法上沒有賦予國(guó)家以引渡的義務(wù),在沒有引渡條約的情況下,是否將罪犯引渡回申請(qǐng)國(guó)完全是被申請(qǐng)國(guó)自己的事情,對(duì)于賴昌興案件來說,如果中國(guó)和加拿大沒有引渡條約,那么加拿大想引渡就引渡,不想引渡就不引渡,我國(guó)沒有絲毫辦法。但是如果有了引渡條約就不一樣了,引渡條約一般會(huì)約定兩個(gè)或多個(gè)國(guó)家之間關(guān)于互相引渡罪犯的相關(guān)條件和其他事項(xiàng).如果在條約中承諾對(duì)某個(gè)國(guó)家的罪犯進(jìn)行引渡,那么引渡就成為了國(guó)際義務(wù),必須履行,沒有正當(dāng)理由不能隨便拒絕引渡。
遣返與引渡的區(qū)別在于:遣返是沒有條約的引渡,即發(fā)生在沒有簽署引渡條約的2
我國(guó)與泰國(guó),俄羅斯,白俄羅斯,保加利亞,羅馬尼亞,哈薩克斯坦,蒙古,吉爾吉斯斯坦等一些國(guó)家簽訂了引渡條約,并且參與了很多實(shí)際上涉及引渡問題的公約,比如《防止及懲治滅絕種族罪公約》,《消除一切種族歧視國(guó)際公約》等等。
不是所有的犯人都能引渡回國(guó)的,現(xiàn)在我們國(guó)家還有相當(dāng)多的畏罪潛逃在外的人,
有的國(guó)家對(duì)于外逃而來的犯人給予庇護(hù);
1 庇護(hù),也稱為領(lǐng)土庇護(hù),是從國(guó)家的屬地優(yōu)越權(quán)引申出來的一項(xiàng)權(quán)利。指國(guó)家對(duì)于遭受追訴或迫害而來避難的外國(guó)人,允許其入境和居留,給予保護(hù),并拒絕將他引渡給另一國(guó)的行為。?
2.庇護(hù)的對(duì)象主要是政治犯,即政治避難者。另外,國(guó)家一般還庇護(hù)從事科學(xué)和創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)而受到迫害的人。根據(jù)國(guó)際法,對(duì)于從事侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、危害和平和危害人類、種族滅絕或種族隔離、劫機(jī)、侵害外交代表等被國(guó)際條約或被國(guó)際習(xí)慣法認(rèn)為是國(guó)際罪行的人,以及一般公認(rèn)的普通刑事罪犯,均不在庇護(hù)之列。?
應(yīng)注意區(qū)分庇護(hù)(或稱領(lǐng)土庇護(hù))與域外庇護(hù)的不同,前者符合國(guó)際法。后者也稱為外交庇護(hù),是指給予庇難者在駐在國(guó)的使館、領(lǐng)事館、軍艦和商船內(nèi)以庇護(hù),即庇護(hù)國(guó)在外國(guó)領(lǐng)土上庇護(hù)外國(guó)人,現(xiàn)代國(guó)際法不承認(rèn)這種庇護(hù)
什么是引渡條約?
引渡條約是指:國(guó)家之間對(duì)把在被請(qǐng)求引渡國(guó)境內(nèi)被指控為犯罪或者構(gòu)成刑事犯罪的罪犯,移交給該請(qǐng)求引渡國(guó)進(jìn)行法庭審判或執(zhí)行處罰的行為國(guó)家之間的約定。引渡是兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間刑事司法協(xié)助的一種形式。引渡條約總的來說,就是國(guó)家之間基于有效的約定,引渡國(guó)請(qǐng)求被引渡國(guó)進(jìn)行司法協(xié)助的行為。
本站其他內(nèi)容推薦
1、occlusion lamely rarebit tea-leaf degrade fistula Thor celeb soft-shelled strudel
3、as is known to us中文翻譯,as is known to us是什么意思,as is known to us發(fā)音、用法及例句
4、herobrine翻譯(the herobrine中文翻譯,the herobrine是什么意思,the herobrine發(fā)音、用法及例句)
5、黎庶涂炭的意思,黎庶涂炭成語解釋,黎庶涂炭是什么意思含義寓意
6、罵不絕口的意思,罵不絕口成語解釋,罵不絕口是什么意思含義寓意
9、戰(zhàn)栗和顫栗的區(qū)別,顫栗的近義詞,顫栗是什么意思,顫栗的同義詞
10、tailed是什么意思,tailed中文翻譯,tailed怎么讀、發(fā)音、用法及例句
11、relieved
版權(quán)聲明: 本站僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間服務(wù),旨在傳遞更多信息,不擁有所有權(quán),不承擔(dān)相關(guān)法律責(zé)任,不代表本網(wǎng)贊同其觀點(diǎn)和對(duì)其真實(shí)性負(fù)責(zé)。如因作品內(nèi)容、版權(quán)和其它問題需要同本網(wǎng)聯(lián)系的,請(qǐng)發(fā)送郵件至 舉報(bào),一經(jīng)查實(shí),本站將立刻刪除。