?elitism

elitism發(fā)音

[ei'li:tizm]

英：　　美：

elitism中文意思翻譯

n.精英主義

elitism常見例句

1 、medium cultures elitism───媒介文化

2 、According to Elitism, eliteshold the top of stratum.───精英論認為，精英占據社會結構中頂層的位置。

3 、We also believe in upgrading our people's skills through continuous professional development and realization of intellectual elitism.───我們還認為應不斷提高員工的技能，通過持續(xù)的專業(yè)發(fā)展和實現知識精英。

4 、Elitism; meritocracy───精英政治

5 、Similar technology was employed by ECOND and ELIT, Russian companies, for products ranging from a few kilojoles to more than 50 kilojoles and device voltage ratings of 200 V and higher.───俄羅斯的ECOND和ELIT公司開發(fā)了相似的技術，它們的產品從幾個焦耳到幾千焦耳，電壓范圍到200V或更高。

6 、The"Popularity"and "Elitism"of Comparative Literature───比較文學的“普及性”與“精英性”

7 、The major products include T-shirts, jeans and various accessories."Chinese Spirit, Elitism and Youth" is our fashion concept.───產品主要以自行設計圖案的T恤/牛仔褲及服飾配件為主。

8 、Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.───coloneljack 發(fā)起了一個話題: Lorem Ipsum.

9 、cultural elitism───文化精英主義

10 、rural elitism───鄉(xiāng)土精英

11 、The suitable-distribution radius is proposed to guarantee the diversity of the individuals in the elitism set and make them well distributed in the objective space.───適配半徑的提出有利于保持精英集中個體的差異性,使得解集能夠在目標空間中均勻分布。

12 、Also one of the weightiest arguments against extremist pure-blood elitism is that inbreeding could lead to heaps of other less fortunate genetic results, but that is outside the scope of this essay.───另外一個反對純血統(tǒng)至上主義的最重要論據是，近親繁殖可能導致其他不那么理想的基因結果，但那已經超出了本文的討論范圍。

13 、but I'd be embedded with an elite military unit.─── 但那樣我就得跟一支精銳部隊一起出發(fā)了

14 、It was elitism, sort of a condescending elitism that looked down on Franklin for having basic middle class values.───這是一種精英主義,一種具有優(yōu)越感的精英主義,因為富蘭克林所具有的中產階級的基本價值觀而蔑視他。

15 、That means educational competition, the pursuit of higher academic standards and, yes, elitism.───這代表著教育競爭力，對更高學術標準的追求，以及精英主義。

16 、Singapore's Elitism and Economic Development───新加坡的精英主義與經濟發(fā)展

17 、My objection to modernism is the smallness of its aim, its fussy pedantry, its bow-tied exclusiveness resembling more the snobbery of an airheaded fraternity at some private college than a true intellectual elitism.───我反對現代主義是因為它目標狹窄，裝腔作勢地賣弄學問，文人雅士般地惟我獨尊，它不是真正的智力至高無上論，倒更像某個私立學校中夸夸其談的學生組織的恃才傲物。

18 、From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.───霍夫斯塔特說：自我們的歷史之初，我們對民主化和大眾化的渴望就驅使我們排斥任何帶有精英優(yōu)越論味道的東西。

19 、It also would lead to a generalized accommodation to mediocrity in our society on the one hand or the creation of an undemocratic elitism on the other.───同樣這會導致一方面我們對社會中平庸之材的順應，另一方面會會培養(yǎng)很多不平等的有優(yōu)越感的其它一部分人。

20 、In recent years, Xue Yong published vast number of articles in Chinese Newspaper and Journal overseas.It is a kind of public care of intellectuals against elitism.───近年來，薛涌在海內外的漢語報刊上發(fā)表大量文章，這是一種知識分子"反精英主義"的現世關懷。

21 、ACW aims to create a high-end and distinctive platform for the industry to create a culture of elitism.───亞洲客車周的精心策劃旨在成為一個高端、獨特的交流渠道，在平臺共享中營造精英文化。

22 、Singapore: Authoritarianism or Democratic Elitism───新加坡:權威主義,還是精英民主?

23 、Post-modernism made the elitism consciousness transform to civil love knot.The voice of public participation becomes more and more loud.───后現代主義又使精英意識逐漸被平民情結所取代，公眾參與的呼聲日見高漲。

24 、Our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.───民主與平民政治驅使人們抗拒任何有“精英”味道的任何東西。

25 、Also it reflects society's move from elitism to at least nominal or desired equality.───這也反映了社會正在從精英統(tǒng)治論向最起碼的名義上的或為人期盼的平等性方面過渡。

26 、In the inner aspect,the Report helped regulate and standardize the American medical education,while in the outer aspect,the Report indirectly caused elitism in American medical education.───從該報告對醫(yī)學界的內部影響來看,它促使了美國醫(yī)學教育開始走向標準化和正規(guī)化;從外部影響看,它促使了美國醫(yī)學教育走向精英化。

27 、Pollan advocates a return to the local and the basic, even at the risk of elitism.───博蘭先生主張恢復地方和基本的，即使是在危險中的執(zhí)政。

28 、From the beginning of our nation's history, according to Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smacks of elitism.───我們國家一開始,民主黨和人民黨就讓我們反對一切精英色彩的東西。

29 、Besides, there is a counter-criticism against the critical mode of "elitism".───此外，還對“精英主義”的批評模式提出了反批評。

30 、Donec mattis metus.Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.In elit.───藏族文學藏族文學藏族文學藏族文學藏族文學藏族文學藏族文學藏族文學Pellentesque in diam.

31 、There are three kinds of discourses and ideologies about legal profession in modern societies, namely, professionalism, elitism and plebeianism.───職業(yè)主義、英主義和民粹主義構成了現代社會關于法律職業(yè)的三種話語系統(tǒng)和意識形態(tài)。

32 、The elitism and pragmatism educational spirit and with time improving educational institution have fostered the number of intellectuals whom Singapore modernization needs.───精英主義和實用主義的教育理念，與時俱進的教育制度，塑造了新加坡現代化所需要的大量人才。

33 、Study on the Elitism of Chinese Judiciary───試論我國法官的精英化

34 、The Psychological Condition of Elitism in Xinhai Revolution Time───略論辛亥革命時期的民粹主義心態(tài)

35 、Pellentesque in elit et lacus euismod dignissim.───聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 facilisis enim.

36 、But this is the privilege of an elite few.─── 但這其實是少數精英人群才有的特權

37 、From the overarching elitism to the universal thinking, Google is trying to find direction in its localization process.───從高高在上的精英主義到普及化的思想，谷歌正在本土化上在找到感覺。

38 、Comparison among Pluralism, Elitism and Corporatism--Seeking a logic structure in differences───比較視野中的多元主義、精英主義與法團主義--一種在分歧中尋求邏輯結構的嘗試

39 、artificial immune algorithm with elitism (AIAE)───人工免疫算法

40 、The old eugenics based on the model of social-biology is a subject affected by the elitism and nationalism.───近代的舊優(yōu)生學表現為一種精英主義與民族主義思想為主導的、社會生物學范式的優(yōu)生學;

41 、From the very beginning of my career in librarianship, I have confronted a current of classism and elitism in libraries.───在我圖書館工作生涯的初期，曾經遇到圖書館內部的等級主義思想以及精英主義思想。

42 、Analyze on the presentation of Zhou"s literature theory, comments on its feature of elitism, antinomy and idealism.───對周作人文學觀所表現出的狀態(tài)進行分析評價，論述其貴族主義、二律背反及理想主義等特征。

43 、elitism isolated───精英曲高

44 、The education system in Singapore is built upon elitism.───新加坡的教育建于精英制度。

45 、The British media have created a fierce controversy over Oxford's admission procedures and elitism in general.───英國各家媒體一方面就牛津大學的錄取規(guī)程進行爭論，另一方面也在廣泛意義上就精英主義展開了激烈辯論。

46 、Besides, there is a counter-criticism against the critical mode of “elitism”.───此外,還對“精英主義”的批評模式提出了反批評。

47 、I want you to meet the warrior elite.─── 我想讓你見識見識精英戰(zhàn)士

48 、You're an elite spy! I'd be crazy not to.─── 你是個精英** 不懷疑你我才傻呢

49 、Contrary to the perception of wealthy elitism, the boarding schools of the American northeast provide many academic scholarships and an excellent education.───在美國，東北部雖然拜金嚴重，但那里的寄宿制學校卻能提供很多獎學金和高質量的教育。

50 、From ＇Mass Culture＇ to ＇Medium Culture＇: a Decline of Elitism?───從“大眾文化”到“媒介文化”:精英主義式微?

51 、Many people believe that private education encourages elitism.───許多人認為私人辦學可助長精英主義。

52 、Most societies have an elite and the elites try to stay in power.─── 大多數的社會都有精英人口 這些人想要永遠掌握權力

53 、Many Greeks considered speculative philosophies the highest human ideals, with their concomitant emphasis on rhetoric, esoterica, and elitism.───希臘人認為純理性的哲學，并所強調的辯論技巧、深奧事物及精英主義，才是人要追求的目標。

54 、Students under cooperation education tend to be antipathetic, have a sense of inferiority, look down on themselves, and low self-concept under the pressure of educational elitism.───摘要建教合作生處于升學主義下的劣勢，易產生反感與自卑，形成自我概念低落；

55 、Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit,...───學習網頁設計的時候，有一段文字，經?？吹?。

56 、The Shelleyian-Byronian version of aesthetic avant-gardism per se is incarnated as literary elitism, utopian futurism and poetic dramatization of their personal life.───他們的審美先鋒主義思想主要體現于三個方面:對詩人和讀者的精英身份的**、未來主義與烏托邦沖動以及詩化生命與審美表演。

57 、there are three main theory models presenting in western political sociology: Elitism, Multi-formlisn and Corporatism.───摘要西方政治社會學中有三種主要的理論模式：精英論、多元主義和社團主義。

58 、elitism preservation strategy───精英保留策略

59 、Yeah, I know. It's an elite bracket.─── 我知道啊 板上釘釘的事了

60 、elitism democracy───精英民主

61 、I'm happy to celebrate same-sex love, but I couldn't help but bristle at such a cloying message of conformity and elitism.───作為一個男同性戀者，我懷著喜憂參半的心情讀著這首不合時宜的消費主義之歌。

62 、And it's a, it's a term that's based on contempt. it's a term that's based on based on fashion, style, elitism, satanism and everything that's rotten about rock 'n' roll.───女王不知要告別多少天才回來，其實也沒多少天，可是真實讓我體會到了一日不見如隔三秋的感覺。

63 、9.Much better to stick with a two-level system of pass and fail, or (if you will insist on such elitism) one extra level of “pass with distinction” for the top quartile.───最好還是繼續(xù)兩級方案，即通過和不通過，或者（若堅持精英主義）再為頂尖者增加“優(yōu)秀通過”這個額外的級別。

64 、The trend of elitism in moral character, which longs for high-level moral character, also has bad influence on moral status of the whole society, which should be understood clearly by moral education.───過度追求高層次品德的道德精英主義傾向對整個社會道德狀況具有一定的不利影響，道德教育對此應該有清醒的認識。

65 、Even if you do get a relevant degree, it is hard to get into the industry because of a certain amount of elitism.───即使你有相關的學位,可是不夠精通,你也難以加入游戲工業(yè)。

66 、This comes as follows: a strong color of scientific rationalism, a gradual road of political reform, a vigorous belief of political elitism, a high level of consciousness of social care.───丁文江社會改造思想的主要特點體現為:濃厚的科學理性色彩，漸進的政治變革道路，強烈的精英政治信念和高度的社會關懷意識。

67 、The world you see today, full of war, corruption, elitism, poverty, epidemic disease, human rights abuses, inequality and crime is the result of this paralysis.───你今天所看到的世界，戰(zhàn)爭，腐敗，精英，貧窮，流行病，侵犯人權，不平等和犯罪的原因就是因為貨幣制度的癱瘓。

68 、Discussion on speedy construction of propagating system for elit sugarcane varieties───加快甘蔗良種繁育體系建設的探討

69 、Keywords Eugenics;Elitism;Pragmatism;Social-biology;Medical-genetics;───優(yōu)生學;精英主義;實用主義;社會生物學;醫(yī)學遺傳學;

70 、Each one of you is elite in some form of combat.─── 你們每個人都是一定方面的戰(zhàn)斗精英

71 、From that range, it's more than skill it's elite.─── 遠距離 何止訓練有素 他是狙擊精英

72 、You're what scientists call an elite controller.─── 你是科學家所說的精華基因攜帶者

73 、Nevertheless, I've felt the sting of the elitism because I began my library career as a paraprofessional.───在我一開始是非專業(yè)館員時，曾感受到精英主義給我所帶來的小小傷害。

74 、They don't entirely renounce the elitism of Confucius.───他們不去教授如何醫(yī)治生病的水牛，而去教學生馬的身體結構和馬尾巴的功能。

75 、International Baccalaureate: a Model Program for the International Elitism Education───國際精英教育的典范

76 、On the other hand, it is overly tinted with elitism because according to Plato's theory only a very limited number of people could live by the principle of reason.───又具有過分強烈的精英主義的色彩，因為按照柏拉圖的理論，只有極少數的人才能具有這種按照理性生活的資格。

77 、18. From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.───霍夫斯塔特說，自我們的歷史之初，我們對民主化和大眾化的渴望就驅使我們排斥任何帶有精英主義色彩的東西。

78 、Choosing elitism───精英選擇

79 、Bounded elitism ensures optimal performance of the algorithm.───有界精英保留策略保證了算法的優(yōu)化性能。

80 、Be on guard about elitism tendency in local church───警惕地方教會精英化

81 、Consider France'Senior Civil Service System on the basis of elitism───從精英主義看法國高級公務員制度

82 、But an article on the website of a Shanghai newspaper argued China should give up sporting elitism even if it meant getting fewer medals.───但是上海報紙的一篇文章卻認為中國應當拋棄運動精英觀念，即使我們只得了很少的金牌。

83 、Analyzing the elitism tendency in the criticism on Chinese mass culture───中國大眾文化批評中的精英主義之維

84 、The import of eugenics and its correlated evolutionary ethics had given birth to the marriage ethic of elitism.───優(yōu)生學及其相關進化倫理學的引入，促進了一種精英主義婚姻倫理觀念的產生。

85 、9. Much better to stick with a two-level system of pass and fail, or (if you will insist on such elitism) one extra level of “pass with distinction” for the top quartile.───最好還是繼續(xù)兩級方案，即通過和不通過，或者（若堅持精英主義）再為頂尖者增加“優(yōu)秀通過”這個額外的級別。收藏指正

86 、The elite who once led our people to greatness.─── 精英階層會帶領我們族人走向偉大

87 、Any new set of economic principles will have to strive for a relatively equal distribution of opportunity to avoid returning to the pervasive social elitism found in China before the 1949 revolution.───任何一套新的經濟學原理將不得不力爭作到機會分配的相對均等,避免回到1949年革命以前在中國彌漫的社會精英主義。

88 、Objective To assess effect of early local intraarterial thrombolysis(ELIT)for treatment of acute stroke.───目的 評價局部動脈內溶栓在急性缺血性腦中風治療中的作用。

89 、It smacks of spiritual pride and elitism.───它有點屬靈驕傲與菁英的味道。

90 、A clash between traditional and simplified characters comes down to elitism vs. populism.───繁、簡字的沖突可以歸結為精英主義與平民主義的角力。

急求世界著名服裝品牌的英文介紹

1 .夏奈爾(Chanel) (1913年法國巴黎)

2 .路易·威登Louis Vuitton (LV品牌創(chuàng)立于1854年法國巴黎)

3. 迪奧Dior (Christian dior開始于1946年法國巴黎)

4 .范思哲Versace (1978年意大利米蘭)

5 .Prada (創(chuàng)于20世紀初意大利米蘭)

6 .卡爾文·克萊恩(Calvin klein) (1968年美國紐約)

7 .高田賢三Kenzo (日本人1970創(chuàng)于法國)

8. 古奇歐·古孜Gucci (1923年意大利佛羅倫薩)

9 .華倫天奴Valentino (意大利人Valentino1960創(chuàng)于羅馬)

10 .切瑞蒂(Cerruti) (1967年法國巴黎)

急求世界著名服裝品牌的英文介紹

Chanel：

Chanel S.A., commonly known as Chanel (English pronunciation: /ʃəˈnɛl/), is a Parisian fashion house founded by the late couturier Coco Chanel, recognized as one of the most chic in the haute couture. Specializing in luxury goods (haute couture, ready-to-wear, handbags, perfumery, and cosmetics among others), the Chanel label has become one of the most recognized names in the luxury and haute couture fashion industry.[1] According to Forbes, the privately held House of Chanel is jointly owned by Alain Wertheimer and Gerard Wertheimer who are the grandsons of the early (1924) Chanel partner Pierre Wertheimer.

The company has had many high-profile celebrities as spokesmodels, including Catherine Deneuve (1970s Chanel No.5 spokesmodel), Nicole Kidman (early 2000s Chanel No. 5 spokesmodel), Audrey Tautou (current Chanel No.5 spokesmodel), and most famously, Marilyn Monroe (1950s Chanel No. 5 spokesmodel) pictured splashing herself with a bottle of Chanel No. 5. The image is certainly the most famous of all Chanel advertisements, and continues to be one of the most popular advertisement photos in the history of marketing, used in countless biographies, and still selling in large quantities as a poster and art piece using Marilyn Monroe as the model.[2].

Establishment and recognition: 1909 through 1920s

Coco Chanel early years.In 1909, Gabrielle Chanel opened a shop on the ground floor of the Balsan's apartment in Paris - the beginnings of what would later become one of the greatest fashion empires in the world.[1] The Balsan home was a meeting place of the hunting elite of France and the gentlemen brought their fashionable mistresses along, giving Coco the opportunity to sell the women decorated hats. During this time Coco Chanel struck up a relationship with Arthur Capel, a member of the Balsan men's group.[1]

He saw a businesswoman in Coco and helped her acquire her location at 31 Rue Cambon in Paris by 1910.[1] There was already a couture shop in the building, and so Coco was not allowed in her lease to produce couture dresses.[1] In 1913, Chanel introduced women's sportswear at her new boutique in Deauville and Biarritz, France. She detested the fashions of women who came to these resort towns.[1] Chanel's designs tended to be simple rather than opulent in look (common haute couture fashion of the Belle Époque).[3] World War I affected fashion. Coal was scarce and women were doing the factory jobs that men had held prior to the war; they needed warm clothing that would stand up to working conditions. Chanel fossella's designs from this era were affected by the new idea of women's sports. During World War I, Coco opened another larger shop on Rue de Cambon in front of the Hôtel Ritz Paris.[1] Here she sold flannel blazers, straight linen skirts, sailor tops, long jersey sweaters and skirt-jackets.[1] Her fashion became known in 1915 throughout France for its simplicity. In the years 1915 and 1917, Harper's Bazaar mentioned that Chanel's name was "on the list of every buyer."[1] Her boutique at 31 Rue Cambon previewed simple day dress-and-coat ensembles and black evening dresses in lace or jet-embroidered tulle (she also piled cushions of feathers, fur and metallic fabrics on the sofas in the gray and amber salons).[1]

Coco Chanel established her reputation as a meticulous fashion couturier.[1] Following the fashion trends of the 1920s, Chanel produced beaded dresses.[1] The suit in two or three pieces created in 1920 remains a modern fashion look. The suit was advocated as the "new uniform for afternoon and evening as far back as 1915." 1921 saw the introduction of her first perfume Chanel No. 5.[1] Earnest Beaux created the fragrance for Coco and she named it after her lucky number 5.[1] The fragrance was a success. The signature scent was a result of her belief in superstitions. She was scheduled to show her collection on the fifth day of the fifth month.[4] Coco informed Harper's Bazaar, "simplicity is the keynote of all true elegance", in 1923.[1]

[edit] Parfums Chanel: the late 1920s

Chanel No.5 introduced in 1921.Parfums Chanel[5] was founded in 1924 by Pierre Wertheimer to produce and sell perfumes and beauty products.[5] Theophile Bader (founder of the successful French department store Galeries Lafayette) introduced Coco to Wertheimer.[5] Wertheimer retained 70% of Parfums Chanel, while Bader retained 20%, and Coco a modest 10%.[5] Coco was forced to operate her couture business apart from Parfums Chanel.[5] In 1924, Coco also introduced her first costume jewelry which were a pair of pearl earrings, one black, one white.[1] Along with the success of her haute couture business, Coco expanded her "social desirability and her personal legend."[1] A new love interest in her life was the Duke of Westminster.[1] She introduced her signature cardigan jacket in 1925 and in 1926, the ‘little black dress,' and a tweed, inspired by visits to Scotland. Soon, Coco operated a boutique near the renowned Louvre.[5]

As the couture Chanel and Parfums Chanel gained success, business relations between Coco and Pierre were sour.[5] She resented the partnership with Pierre Wertheimer and believed she deserved more than 10% of the profits, and believed that the Wertheimers were exploiting her talents for their own personal gain.[5] Wertheimer reminded Coco that he had funded her venture, and that he had made her a wealthy woman.[5]

Coco hired René de Chambrun as her attorney for renegotiating the terms with the Wertheimers.[5] but this failed. The youngest model she hired was a teenager from her area, Meredith Annaline.

[edit] Chanel and Nazi affiliation: 1930s through 1950s

Evening couture dresses from Chanel evolved into an elongated feminine style.[1] Summer dresses had contrasting scintillating touches (e.g. rhinestone straps and silver eyelets).[1] Coco designed a line for petite women in 1937.[1] Throughout the 1930s, Elsa Schiaparelli was competing more strongly with the House of Chanel, but this was only a short term rivalry. Chanel premiered an exhibition of jewelry in 1932 dedicated to the diamond. Several of the pieces, including the "Comet" and "Fountain" necklaces were re-introduced by Chanel in 1993. When World War II began in 1939, Coco Chanel retired and moved into the Hôtel Ritz Paris with her new beau, Nazi officer Hans Gunther von Dincklage.[1][3][5] Only her parfums and accessories were sold in her existing boutiques.

When France fell under the control of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany in 1940, the Nazis made the Ritz their French headquarters.[1] Pierre Wertheimer and his family fled to the United States in 1940, and before Coco could take control of Parfums Chanel, Wertheimer made an "Aryan proxy" for the company.[5] Rumors spread that Coco was on good terms with the Germans.[1] Chanel biographer Edmonde Charles-Roux states that German intelligence sent her to "visit Winston Churchill as a part of a secret peace mission. Coco Chanel was arrested immediately after the liberation of France and charged with abetting the Germans, but Churchill intervened on her behalf and she was released."[5] When France was liberated after the fall of the Nazi Empire, many French people meted out punishments to French women who were believed to have collaborated with the Nazis. Coco Chanel was without a doubt a target after the rumors, and so she fled to Switzerland.[1][5]

In Coco's absence, Pierre Wertheimer returned to Paris to control Wertheimer family holdings.[5] Out of spite, Coco created her own collection of perfumes. Wertheimer felt his legal rights were infringed, but he wanted to avoid a legal battle and settled with Coco by giving her $400,000 USD, 2% royalty from all Chanel products, and gave her limited rights to sell her own perfumes in Switzerland.[5] Coco stopped making perfumes after the agreement. She sold the complete rights to her name to the Wertheimers for Perfumes Chanel, in exchange for a monthly stipend. The stipend supported her and her friend, von Dincklage.[5]

[edit] Chanel's comeback: 1950s through 1970s

Chanel returned to Paris in 1953[1] to find that fashion designer Christian Dior now dominated the couture market.[1] Coco re-approached Pierre for business advice and financial back-up.[5] In return, he gained complete rights to all products stamped with the name "Chanel."[5] Their re-collaboration paid off as Chanel became the top label in fashion again.[5] Chanel re-introduced the "Chanel suit"[3] and introduced the Chanel chain handled quilted leather handbags in February 1955 (The date is used as the name of the recently re-released bag, 2.55),[1] and her first eau de toilette for men, Pour Monsieur (which has also been marketed under the name "A Gentleman's Cologne"). Chanel and her spring collection received the Fashion Oscar at the 1957 Fashion Awards in Dallas. Pierre bought Badar's 20% share of the perfume business, giving his family 90%.[5] Pierre's son Jacques Wertheimer took his father's place in 1965.[5] Coco's attorney Chambrun called the now-gone-relationship as "one based on a businessman's passion for a woman who felt exploited by him."[5] He told Forbes, "Pierre returned to Paris full of pride and excitement [after one of his horses won the 1956 English Derby]. He rushed to Coco, expecting congratulations and praise. But she refused to kiss him. She resented him, you see, all her life."[5]

Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel died on January 10, 1971 at the age of 87.[1] She was still "designing, still working" at the time of her death.[1] For example, she designed the uniforms for Olympic Airways flight attendants (1966-1969), followed by Pierre Cardin. Olympic Airways was then one of the most luxurious air carriers, owned by the Greek shipping-magnate Aristotle Onassis. After her death, leadership of the company was handed down to Yvonne Dudel, Jean Cazaubon and Philippe Guibourge.[1] The House continued average success, and Jacques Wetheimer bought the entire House of Chanel.[1][5] Critics stated that during his leadership, he never paid much attention to the company as he was more interested in horse breeding.[5] In 1974, the House of Chanel launched Cristalle eau de toilette, which was designed when Coco Chanel was alive. 1978 saw the launch of the first non-couture, prêt-à-porter line and worldwide distribution of accessories.

Alain Wertheimer, Jacques son, took over in 1974.[1][5] Back in the U.S., Chanel No.5 was seen as a passe perfume.[5] Alain revamped Chanel No.5 sales by reducing the number of outlets carrying the fragrance from 18,000 to 12,000. He removed the perfume from drugstore shelves, and invested millions of dollars in advertisement for Chanel cosmetics. This ensured a greater sense of scarcity and exclusivity for No.5, and sales rocketed back up as demand for the fragrance increased.[5] Looking for a designer who could bring the label to new heights, he persuaded Karl Lagerfeld to end his contract with fashion house Chloé.

[edit] Post-Coco through today

[edit] The coming of Lagerfeld

In 1981, Chanel launched a new eau de toilette for men, Antaeus. In 1983, Lagerfeld took over as chief designer for Chanel.[5] He changed Chanel's fashion lines from the old lines to shorter cuts and eye capturing designs. During the 1980s, more than 40 Chanel boutiques were opened up worldwide.[5] By the end of the 1980s, these boutiques sold goods ranging from $200-per-ounce perfume, $225 USD ballerina slippers to $11,000 USD dresses and $2,000 USD leather handbags.[5] Rights to Chanel cosmetics and fragrances were held by Chanel only and not shared with other beauty producers and distributors.[5] As Lagerfeld took charge as chief designer, other designers and marketers for Chanel worked on keeping the classic Chanel look to maintain the Chanel legend.[5] Chanel marketer Jean Hoehn explained, "We introduce a new fragrance every 10 years, not every three minutes like many competitors. We don't confuse the consumer. With Chanel, people know what to expect. And they keep coming back to us, at all ages, as they enter and leave the market."[5] The launch of a new fragrance in honor of the late Coco Chanel, Coco, in 1984 maintained success in the perfumery business with Chanel.[5] In 1986, the House of Chanel struck a deal with watchmakers and in 1987, the first Chanel watch made its debut. By the end of the decade, Alain moved the offices to New York City.[5]

[edit] In the 1990s

Chanel's boutique on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California.The company earned the place as a global leader in fragrance maker and marketing in the 1990s.[5] Heavy marketing investment increased revenue.[5] The success of the Maison de Chanel brought the Wertheimer family fortune to $5 billion USD.[5] Product lines such as watches (retailing for as much as $7,000 USD), shoes, high-end clothes, cosmetics and accessories were expanded.[5] Sales were hurt by the recession of the early 1990s, but Chanel recovered by the mid-1990s with further boutique expansion.[5] 1990 saw the launch of ĹŹ. As the business trend was going about (buying up other fashion companies), Chanel—like Moët-Hennessy • Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Prada -- bought up numerous companies.[5] The House acquired Les Broderies Lemarié (a renown feather and flower craftshouse which provided embroidery for the haute couture industry),, A. Michael et Cie, and Lesage.[5] Chanel was also rumored to also buy the company Massaro.[5]

By 1996, Chanel bought gunmaker Holland & Holland. It attempted to revamp the guns maker but did not succeed.[5] 1996 also greeted the launch of Allure fragrance and due to its immense popularity, a men's version, Allure Homme was launched in 1998. Better success came with the purchase of Eres (a renowned swimwear label). The House of Chanel launched its first skin care line, PRÉCISION in 1999. That same year, Chanel launched a new travel collection, and under a license contract with Luxottica, introduced a line of sunglasses and eyeglass frames.

[edit] 2000 through today

While Alain Wertheimer remained chairman of Chanel, CEO and President Françoise Montenay was to bring Chanel into the 21st century.[5] 2000 saw the launch of the first unisex watch by Chanel, the J12, a style whose clean cuts and fusion of masculine and feminine elements formed a revolutionary watch, and a supposed cult-following in certain circles. In 2001, Bell & Ross was purchased (a watchmaker). The same year, Chanel boutiques offering only selections of accessories were opened in the United States.[5]

A Chanel boutique in Prince's Building, Central, Hong Kong.2002 saw the launch of Chance fragrance, with a scent of surprise and glamour. The House of Chanel also founded the Paraffection company that gathered the five Ateliers d’Art: Desrues for ornamentation, Lemarié for feathers and camellias, Lesage for embroiderer, Massaro for shoemaker, and Michel for millinery. A prêt-à-porter collection proposing their know-how was designed by Karl Lagerfeld. It is now traditionally presented each December. In July 2002, a jewelry and watch flagship store was opened on the upscale Madison Avenue.[5] Within the months, a 1,000sqft shoes and handbags boutique was opened next door to the Jewelry and watches flagship.[5] Out of everything that happened in 2002, the most shocking was the rumor circulating the fashion world, suggesting that Chanel was considering a merger with the renown luxury goods Parisian fashion company Hermès.[5] This would make Chanel and Hermès one of the most powerful fashion companies in the world the likes of Moët-Hennessy • Louis Vuitton. This brought the store count in the U.S. to 25 locations nationwide.[5]

To please its younger followers, Chanel introduced Coco Mademoiselle and an "In-Between Wear" in 2003. That same year saw such an immense popularity of Chanel haute couture that the company founded a second shop on rue Cambon. Continuing an influence in the Asian market, the House of Chanel opened a new 2,400 Square feet boutique in Hong Kong and paid nearly $50 million USD for a building in the classy and upscale shopping district of Ginza in Tokyo, Japan.[1]

[edit] Influence on fashion and popularity

Chanel Headquarters, Place Vendôme, Paris.Coco Chanel revolutionized haute couture fashion by replacing the traditional corseted silhouette with the comfort of simple suits and long, lean dresses[citation needed]. The years of the 1920s and 1930s will best be remembered as the era of Coco whose simpler lines of women's couture led to the popular "flat-chested" look of the 1920s.[3][6] Her clothing was relaxed and changed the way women dressed for outdoor leisure. Coco omitted corsets, liberating women and creating more comfort.[3] Contemporary Fashion states, "She dressed the modern woman in clothes for a lifestyle."[3] Coco is credited for making jersey (a soft elasticated knit used for undegarments) a new fashion fabric.[3] Her jersey dresses in navy and gray were cut to flatter the figure rather than to emphasize and distort the natural body shape.[3] These dresses were highly popular by wealthy women, and so she extended her range with them being manufactored by Rodier.[3] Chanel also incorporated ideas from male wardrobe into her designs.[3]

She had numerous other major successes that changed the fashion industry, including the ever popular Chanel suit, composed of a knee-length skirt and trim, boxy jacket, traditionally made of woven wool with black sewing trim and gold buttons, worn with large costume-pearl necklaces.[1][3] The hem of the suit is weighted down with a chain. Wealthy women around the world began to flock to her 31 Rue Cambon boutique to commission couture outfits from her.[1] The House of Chanel became an icon of elegance and from then on, the name "Chanel" became synonymous with elegance, wealth, and elitism, as well as the ultimate sign of French high class.[1][5] After the phenomenal success[1][3][5] of her perfume, Chanel No. 5, Coco Chanel's fashions became even more well-known and were purchased by the high flyers of London and Paris society alike. The financial gain from the fragrance also helped her company during difficult years.[3]

Overall, Chanel has touched many American and European fashion designers for her pioneering search for originality and simple perfection.[3] They "continue to re-inforce her concept of uncomplicated classics that inspire many contemporary designers' ready-to-wear collections -- an homage to Chanel's essential modernist styling and her legacy to the world of fashion.[3]

Chanel is also known for its quilted fabric and leather which also has a "secret" quilting pattern sewn at the back to keep the material strong. It was inspired by the jackets of jockeys. This material is used for clothing and accessories alike. The Luxury Line, introduced in 2006 featuring a metal chain embedded in the leather, was one of the most desired bags of the moment. Chanel still is popular because it mixes the trends of today with the class and simplicity it had when it first opened. The brand is currently headed by German-born designer Karl Lagerfeld, who also designs for the House of Fendi, as well as his namesake label.

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