?genotype

genotype發(fā)音

英：['d?en?ta?p]　　美：['d?en?ta?p]

英：　　美：

genotype中文意思翻譯

n.基因型, 遺傳型

genotype詞形變化

副詞: genotypically | 形容詞: genotypic | 名詞: genotypicity |

genotype常見例句

1 、For primer 2, AA and AB genotype was observed, but the result of sequencing indicated that there were no mutation.───P2的PCR-SSCP產(chǎn)物有AA型和一個(gè)AB型個(gè)體,但PCR產(chǎn)物測序結(jié)果顯示:AA型和AB型未有堿基改變。

2 、D and DD genotype frequency was obviously higher in IGT group than in NGT group (P───IGT組 (n=79)和 NGT組 (n=40 )相比 ,D型等位基因和 DD基因型頻率升高 (P

3 、AGT genotype frequencies in ISR group were as follows, MM: 10.7%, MT: 57.1%, TT: 32.1%, compared with 4.7%, 56.3%, 39.1% in non-ISR group.───PTCA支架置入后再狹窄患者AGT基因三種基因型頻率分別為MM型10.7%,MT型57.1%,TT型32.1%; 未狹窄患者M(jìn)M型、MT型、TT型的頻率分別為4.7%、56.3%、39.1%。

4 、However,the DD genotype and D allele had higher frequency in NIDDM with retinopathy than without.───DD 型與D 等位基因在DR（ ＋ ） 組出現(xiàn)頻率高，DR（ ＋ ） 組與DR（ － ） 組相比，基因型及等位基因分布差異具顯著性。

5 、DD genotype and D allele is closely related to IR and abnormal plasm lipid metabolism,but I allele is not.───ACE基因DD型和D等位基因與IR及血脂代謝異常有關(guān) ,與I等位基因則無關(guān)

6 、Cirrhosis and pituitary hypogonadism were common in males with this genotype, and one man had cardiomyopathy.───具有這種基因型的男性，肝硬化和腦垂體促性腺功能低下皆很常見，其中一位患有心肌病。

7 、Using phio57 marker to test BC1F1,the separate regulation of O2O2 genotype and o2o2 genotype accord with Meng Del heredity separate proportion (1:1 ).───利用標(biāo)記phi057對(duì)回交一代群體進(jìn)行檢測,兩種基因型o_2o_2和o_2o_2的分離符合孟德爾遺傳分離比例(1:1)。

8 、Title： Does the Effect of H BV Antivirus Treatments Relate to the Virus Genotype?───乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治療療效與病毒基因型有關(guān)嗎?

9 、BB genotype at S2 site can be the marker genotype of multi-trait marker in assistance selection.───在體重和產(chǎn)絨量性狀上S2位點(diǎn)的BB基因型,可以作為多性狀標(biāo)記輔助選擇的標(biāo)記基因型。

10 、Having one or the same genotype, form, or structure through a series of developmental changes.───單態(tài)的在一系列發(fā)展變化中只有一種或相同的基因型、形狀或結(jié)構(gòu)的。

11 、Title： Study of Genotype Discrepancy between Main Quality Characters and Environment Reciprocity in Yellow-Seeded Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.───關(guān)鍵詞：甘藍(lán)型黃籽油菜;品質(zhì)性狀;密肥效應(yīng);基因型差異

12 、Compared with CC genotype,subjects with TT genotype has decreasing risk of CHD(Adjusted OR=0.49,95%CI:0.25-0.98).───TT基因型者患冠心病的危險(xiǎn)性降低(校正OR=0.49,95%CI:0.25~0.98);

13 、Positive genotype of RANTES gene promoter -28G may be related to DN.───RANTES基因啟動(dòng)子-28G**基因型可能與糖尿病腎病相關(guān)。

14 、Genotype 102 was an ideal material for embryoid induction, and the frequency could reach 32.78 embryos per bud.───其中102號(hào)產(chǎn)胚量最高，達(dá)到32.78個(gè)／蕾；

15 、The genotype of the individual is permanently set.───個(gè)體的基因型就永久地被固定下來。

16 、Of or designating a pair of crosses in which the male parent in one cross is of the same genotype or phenotype as the female parent in the other cross.───倒易移位的屬于或表明一對(duì)混血種的，其中一個(gè)混血種的父親與另一個(gè)混血種的母親具有相同的基因型或表現(xiàn)型

17 、Frequency of AA genotype is the highest,and that of A allele is obviously higher than that of B allele in two yak breeds.───在兩種牦牛品系中,AA基因型頻率最高,A等位基因頻率均明顯高于B等位基因頻率.

18 、No significant difference was found between two groups on the distribution of APOE-219G/T genotype.───兩組間不存在-219G/T基因型頻率分布的差異(P>0.39)。

19 、The genotype frequencies for Pro/Ala,Pro/Pro were 10% and 90%,respectively,in the DM group,and 5%,95% in the control subjects.───IDDM患者基因型Pro/Ala、Pro/Pro頻率分別為10%、90%,x2=3.39,P>0 05,而對(duì)照組Pro/Ala、Pro/Pro頻率分別為5%、95%;

20 、The relative risk suffered from PHC for GA genotype was 2.786 times for GG genotype(OR=2.786,95% CI=1.057~7.343).───兩組差異均有顯著性(P

21 、The 20 days weight of AA genotype animals was 0.406Kg higher than that of AB genotype.───AA型個(gè)體的平均體重比AB型個(gè)體高0.406Kg。

22 、In addition,the rate for showing efficacy and efficacy in patients with DD genotype were higher than those in patients with II and ID genotype(P───DD型患者的顯效率、有效率高于II、ID兩型患者(P

23 、Genotype distribution of Tf and Pa followed Hardy weinberg law.───Tf和Pa兩個(gè)基因座基因型分布均符合Hardy weinberg定律 ;

24 、E+/e genotype was present in China Holstein Red-white Cattle and Luxi Yellow Cattle.───中國荷斯坦紅白花牛和魯西黃牛還存在E+/e基因型。

25 、In normal population from Shanghai the genotype frequency of II was 47.70%, ID was 43.51%, and DD was 8.79%.───上海地區(qū)正常人的ACEI/D基因型分布是 :II型 47.70%、ID型 43.5 1%、DD型 8.79%。

26 、No significant differences of genotype and allele frequencies between the matched groups were found.───各相匹配組間比較未發(fā)現(xiàn)基因型和等位基因頻率的顯著性差異。

27 、The frequency of 48G alleles and the AG/ GG genotype of DRD1 were significantly higher in HDCP group than that in control group (P───HDCP組DRD1基因AG/GG型顯著高于正常孕婦組(P

28 、The frequency of MTP- Q3H polymorphism is 43.1% in ** genotype, 46.3% in QH genotype and 10.6% in HH genotype.───MTP-Q3H位點(diǎn)基因型頻率分別為**43.1%,QH46.3%,HH10.6%,其等位基因頻率分別為Q66.25%、H33.75%。

29 、That is, there is no direct feedback from the body (phenotype) to the gene (genotype).───也就是說，不存在從肉體（顯型）到基因（基因型）的直接反饋。

30 、We found that the frequency of bb genotype was counted for 91. 7%and Bb for 8. 3% in Shenyang women.───VDR基因的bb型占總數(shù)的91.7%； Bb型僅占8.3%，而且BB基因型完全不存在。

31 、Multiplex PCR showed that HBV-Brandt is HBV genotype A.───Multiplex PCR基因型鑒定表明HBV-Brandt屬于乙型肝炎病毒A型。

32 、The DD genotype was found in 17 patients (25%), the ID genotype in 22 patients (32%), and the II genotype in 29 patients (43%).───68例高血壓LVH患者中 ,ACE基因DD型 17例 (2 5% )、ID型 2 2例 (3 2% )、II型 2 9例 (43% ) ,D和I等位基因頻率分別為 0 41和 0 59。

33 、Next, the mechanics of inheritance split from mechanics of survival, and evolution evolved the dual system of genotype and phenotype.───再接下來，遺傳機(jī)制從幸存機(jī)制中分離出來，進(jìn)化逐漸演變?yōu)榛蛐秃惋@型的雙型系統(tǒng)。

34 、TNB and NBA of both Suzhong and Erhualian sows with 152/170 genotype are large.───二花臉豬和蘇鐘豬172/152基因型都有較高的總產(chǎn)仔數(shù)和產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)。

35 、Having one or the same genotype,form,or structure through a series of developmental changes.───單態(tài)的在一系列發(fā)展變化中只有一種或相同的基因型、形狀或結(jié)構(gòu)的

36 、In the breeding, selection of the combined genotype AAAA will further improve the litter size of Laiwu black pigs.───在育種實(shí)踐中，選擇AAAA合并基因型可進(jìn)一步提高萊蕪黑豬的繁殖性能。

37 、The Jining Grey does with genotype FG had 0.76 (P───FG基因型濟(jì)寧青山羊產(chǎn)羔數(shù)最小二乘均值比FF基因型的多0.76只(P

38 、Therefore, P should be substituted by a response surface for each genotype.───因此，p必須被各個(gè)基因型的反應(yīng)面所代替。

39 、BB genotype at S5 site was favorable marker genotype for cashmere fineness trait.───在體重性狀上,S2位點(diǎn)的BB基因型和S3位點(diǎn)的AA基因型可以作為標(biāo)記基因型,在絨細(xì)度性狀上,S5位點(diǎn)的BB基因型可以作為標(biāo)記基因型。

40 、In control group the frequencies of (+/-) genotype and (+) allele were 10.7% and 5.3%, lower than Caucasian and Japanese population.───其中對(duì)照組 (+ - )基因型和 (+)等位基因的頻率分別為 10 7%和 5 3% ,低于報(bào)道的白種人及日本人變異頻率 ;

41 、A gene can have many alleles and individuals can have a homozygous or heterozygous genotype.───一個(gè)基因可有許多等位基因，而個(gè)體可有純合或雜合的基因型。

42 、Individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype were at higher risk of HNs.───GSTM1基因純合子缺失者發(fā)生惡性血液病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。

43 、In an earlier study, genotype 1 HE recombinant protein accine was shown to be effectie in nonhuman primates.───在一項(xiàng)較早的研究中，HE基因型1重組蛋白疫苗對(duì)非人類靈長目有效。

44 、The sequence analysis indicated that8 strains of the20 belonged to H1 genotype.───從54份咽拭子和尿液標(biāo)本中分離出20株麻疹病毒,8株經(jīng)核酸序列分析鑒定為H1基因型。

45 、AG genotype with high frequency of 58%,AA and GG genotype frequency was 33%and 9%for separate.───其次是AA基因型,基因型頻率分別為33%。 GG基因型頻率為9%。

46 、The best construction of plant type was studied through man-made changement of plant type for two different genotype sorghums.───利用兩個(gè)不同基因型高粱分別進(jìn)行人工改型，以求最佳株型結(jié)構(gòu)。

47 、Genotype analysis of147miconazole-sensitive candida albicans isolates and60miconazole-resistant isolates was conducted with ERIC-PCR method.───ERIC-PCR指紋方法比較147株白色念珠菌咪康唑敏感株及60株咪康唑耐藥株的基因型。

48 、In the RXRB polymorphism, no genotype TT was observed in patients with psoriasis guttata with a positive personal history of repeated tonsillitis.───在RXRB基因多態(tài)性上，基因型TT沒有出現(xiàn)在扁桃體炎反復(fù)發(fā)作的點(diǎn)滴狀銀屑病患者中。

49 、The frequency distribution of VDR genotype was bb86 0%,Bb10 0% and BB4 0%.───VDR基因型分布頻率為BB型 4 0% ,Bb型 10 0% ,bb型 86 0% ;

50 、They have the ALDH2 *2*2 genotype and experience adverse symptoms when drinking alcohol such as nausea and flushness.───他們擁有ALDH2*2*2基因型，當(dāng)他們飲酒時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生惡心、臉紅等副作用；

51 、Only the patients carrying the allele M235T have correlation between genotype DD of ACE and preeclampsia.───ACE基因DD型與子癇前期的相關(guān)性限于攜帶有M235T等位基因的患者。

52 、CC genotype was not found both in CVD and control group.───在研究總對(duì)象中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)CC基因型。

53 、Both genotype and environment had significant effects on milling, Theological, starch, pentosan content, AWRC, SRC and cookie characters.───1 小麥品質(zhì)總體狀況

54 、The observable properties of a cell or an organism, which result from the interaction of the genotype and the environment.───在基因型和環(huán)境的共同作用下,生物實(shí)際表現(xiàn)出的性狀特征。

55 、TNB of Erhualian sows in later parties with 170/152 and 168/140 genotype and NBA with 170/152 are large.───二花臉豬經(jīng)產(chǎn)總產(chǎn)仔基因型170/152、168/140較高，產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)基因型170/152較高。

56 、The frequency of D allele genotype in ISR group (51.7%) was far higher than that of non-ISR group (28.8%).───卡方檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示再狹窄組D等位基因頻率(51.7%)明顯高于未狹窄組D等位基因頻率(28.8%)。

57 、Meanwhile the genotype with more grain number was also physiologically based on higher seed setting rate.───同時(shí)大穗多粒基因型也以較高的可孕小花結(jié)實(shí)率為生理基礎(chǔ)。

58 、Patients with HCV genotype 1 (G1) and high viral load (HVL) have historically been considered "difficult-to-cure" with response rates ───HCV基因1型和高病毒載量的患者一直被認(rèn)為是難治的患者，應(yīng)答率

59 、NUE of three types of NF exist genotype difference.───各類型氮肥的利用率均具有基因型差異。

60 、Meanwhile,the unique genotype was DHA for all positive strains in years 2004 and 2005,As for 2006,ACT-1 genotype has appeared in three strains.───其中2004、2005年所檢出的均為DHA基因型,2006年分別從2株大腸埃希菌和1株肺炎克雷伯菌中檢出ACT-1基因。

61 、Although RBV dose adherence is critical in the treatment of HCV genotype 1 (G1) pts, higher doses can be associated with hemolytic anemia.───利巴韋林劑量的依從在治療慢性丙肝基因1型的患者中較難，較高劑量易引起溶血性貧血。

62 、The DD genotype frequency was significantly higher in hypertension group than that in type 2 diabetic mellitus without hypertension (?P?< 0.05 ).───2并發(fā)高血壓組 DD型及 D等位基因頻率顯著高于無高血壓組 (P

63 、The odds ratio (OR) for developing asthma between patients with DD genotype and those with ID genotype and II genotype was 5.04 and 3.15, respecively.───哮喘組和正常組比較 ,DD型與ID型、DD型與II型的優(yōu)勢比OR分別為 5 .0 4和 3.15 ( 95%可信區(qū)間 )。

64 、PCR products were eletrophoresed on an ABI 377 DNA sequencer. Genescan3. land Genotype 2. 1 software were used for LOH scanning and analysis.───PCR產(chǎn)物在ABI Prism 377自動(dòng)熒光測序儀進(jìn)行電泳3小時(shí)，以GeneScan3.1和Genotyper 2.1軟件進(jìn)行基因分型。

65 、The reductions in UAE and serum ACE activity were the highest in DD genotype, higher in ID genotype and lowest in II genotype.───U AE、血清 ACE活性下降的百分率在 DD型組最高、ID型組次之、II型組最低 ,差異有顯著性 (P

66 、And as I mentioned, before, if you achieve RVR up to 90% cure rate in genotype 1 patients.In a very very relatively short period of time.───同時(shí)我前面還說到，基因1型的患者快速病毒應(yīng)答還能達(dá)到90%以上，這是一個(gè)相對(duì)來說很迅速的時(shí)間。

67 、On the other hand, we detected a part of them (22 ASC, 30 CHB) HBV-DNA level and HBV genotype.───PCR熒光定量HBV-DNA檢測。 80例中,病理G/S診斷,HBV基因型及HBV-DNA定量結(jié)果三項(xiàng)完整者共52例,其中ASC22例,CHB30例。

68 、Genotype is not the same as mutant. Mutation is a new event in a particular nucloetide whereas genotype is a whole different set of nucleotides.───**病毒基因型和其變異型是不同的。變異型是在某一個(gè)核苷酸的新變故,而基因型則是一組不同的核苷酸。

69 、At the same time, there was no difference in SBP, DBP and PP (P>0.05) between II and ID genotype in male EH group.───同時(shí),EH組II、ID基因型的男性的收縮壓、舒張壓、脈壓差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0·05)。

70 、The impact of different genotype over maximal produce of former 5th baby is no notable(P> 0.05).───不同的基因型對(duì)前5胎最高產(chǎn)仔數(shù)的影響差異不顯著(P>0.05)。

71 、Trp/Arg genotype distributions of two groups were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.───兩組觀察對(duì)象的Trp/Arg多態(tài)性分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg定律。

72 、Our results indicated that SAD was inversely associated with C/C genotype and C allele of NQO1 gene.───NQO1基因多態(tài)性與SAD發(fā)病明顯關(guān)聯(lián) ,NQO1基因 6 0 9序列C/C基因型、C等位基因與SAD發(fā)病呈明顯負(fù)關(guān)聯(lián)。

73 、In truly doubtful cases, only test crosses will reveal the actual genotype.───在確實(shí)可疑的情況下，只有通過雜交試驗(yàn)才能揭示出真正的基因型。

74 、All the samples have clear genotype.───全部樣本的每個(gè)STR基因座都獲得了清晰的基因型分型。

75 、The C/T and T/T genotype frequencies in the ACI group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P───VEGF基因936位點(diǎn)C/C與C/T+T/T之間基因型頻率在兩組人群中的比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P

76 、The 4G/4G genotype was associated with family history of coronary heart disease or cere-bral infarction (P───4G/4G基因型缺血性心腦血管病患者有家族傾向(P

77 、The genotype frequency of BB, Bb, and bb were 75.8%, 23.3% and 0.9% respectively in normal females volunteers.───健康女性PTH基因BB型(絕經(jīng)前120例,絕經(jīng)后118例),Bb型(絕經(jīng)前37例,絕經(jīng)后36例)和bb型分布頻率分別為75.8%,23.3%和0.9%;

78 、The genotype GG frequencies in IGT and DM groups were 8.7% and 11.6% respectively,which were significantly higher than those in NGT group.───IGT組、DM組GG基因型頻率分別為8.7%和11.6%,顯著高于NGT組(4.5%),GG基因型攜帶者脂聯(lián)素水平顯著降低。

79 、The SPB, SS, SSB, PBD showed high effect of genotype and low effect of seeding date whereas DPB displayed high effect of seeding date.───2)現(xiàn)存一次枝梗數(shù)、現(xiàn)存二次枝梗數(shù)、現(xiàn)存穎花數(shù)、一次枝梗分化數(shù)4個(gè)指標(biāo)的基因型值較大，播期效應(yīng)值較??；一次枝梗退化數(shù)播期效應(yīng)值較大。

80 、In these cases, the parental cells differ at least with respect to genotype if not phenotype as well.───在這些情況下，親本細(xì)胞即使不在表現(xiàn)型上至少也在基因型上有區(qū)別。

基因表達(dá)的多態(tài)現(xiàn)象？

多態(tài)性是指在一個(gè)生物群體中，同時(shí)和經(jīng)常存在兩種或多種不連續(xù)的變異型或基因型（genotype）或等位基因（allele），亦稱遺傳多態(tài)性（genetic polymorphism）或基因多態(tài)性。從本質(zhì)上來講，多態(tài)性的產(chǎn)生在于基因水平上的變異，一般發(fā)生在基因序列中不編碼蛋白的區(qū)域和沒有重要調(diào)節(jié)功能的區(qū)域。對(duì)于一個(gè)體而言，基因多態(tài)性堿基順序終生不變，并按孟德爾規(guī)律世代相傳。

生物群體基因多態(tài)性現(xiàn)象十分普遍，其中，人類基因的結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)和功能，研究比較深入。人類基因多態(tài)性既來源于基因組中重復(fù)序列拷貝數(shù)的不同，也來源于單拷貝序列的變異，以及雙等位基因的轉(zhuǎn)換或替換。按引起關(guān)注和研究的先后，通常分為3大類：DNA片段長度多態(tài)性、DNA重復(fù)序列多態(tài)

2015考研復(fù)習(xí)：微生物學(xué)筆記（八）

第八章微生物的遺傳變異和育種遺傳性：親代具有把他所有的形狀給子代的特性。變異性：子代具有改變親代遺傳性狀的特征。遺傳型(genotype)，表型(phenotype)，變異(varition)，飾變(modification)。

第一節(jié)

遺傳變異的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)三個(gè)典型實(shí)驗(yàn)： 轉(zhuǎn)化試驗(yàn)：1928 年，F(xiàn). Griffith，肺炎雙球菌， Streptococcus pneumoniae。1944 年,O.T.Avery DNA RNA 蛋白質(zhì)多糖DNA+DNA 酶RⅡ RⅡ RⅡ RⅡ RⅡ 少量SⅢ - - - ___ 噬菌體感染試驗(yàn):1952 年,A. D. Hershey(侯喜) M. Chase(蔡斯) 病毒的重建試驗(yàn): 1956 年，H. Fraenkel-Conrat (弗朗克-康勒脫) 噬菌體感染試驗(yàn)和病毒的重建試驗(yàn)的說明圖見下頁

朊病毒的發(fā)現(xiàn)和思考：蛋白質(zhì)是否是遺傳的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)?prpsc，蛋白質(zhì)折疊。DNA 的結(jié)構(gòu)基本單位是核苷酸：核糖(戊糖)+堿基+**酸。堿基有四種：腺嘌呤(A)，鳥嘌呤(G)，胸腺嘧啶(T)， 胞嘧啶(C)。單鏈上的堿基不受配對(duì)的限制，決定了遺傳的多樣性。半保留的自我復(fù)制保證了生物遺傳的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。

第二節(jié)

基因突變和誘變育種20 基因突變(gene mutation)：突變細(xì)胞的遺傳物質(zhì)的分子結(jié)構(gòu)或數(shù)量發(fā)生可遺傳的變化。突變的類型： 營養(yǎng)缺陷型(auxotroph)菌株:野生型菌株發(fā)生基因突變而喪失合成一種或幾種生長因子的能力,從而不能在基本培養(yǎng)基上生長的變異菌株。抗性突變型 (resistant mutant)菌株:野生型菌株發(fā)生基因突變而對(duì)某化學(xué)藥物或致死物理因子產(chǎn)生抗性的菌株。

條件致死突變型(conditional lethal mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變后,在某種條件下可正常生長，而在另一種條件下無法生長。形態(tài)突變型(morphological mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變，而在個(gè)體形態(tài)或菌落形態(tài)上發(fā)生突變的菌株。抗原突變型(antigenic mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變，而在細(xì)胞抗原結(jié)構(gòu)上發(fā)生變異的菌株。產(chǎn)量突變型(metabolite quantitative mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變，在代謝產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)量上明顯有別于原始菌株的突變株。正變株(plus-mutant);負(fù)變株(minus- mutant)。突變率(mutation rate)：一個(gè)細(xì)胞每一世代某一性狀突變的幾率;群體中每一世代(分裂一次)產(chǎn)生突變的個(gè)數(shù)。突變率：10-8 基因突變的特點(diǎn)： 不對(duì)應(yīng)性：突變的性狀與引起突變的原因之間沒有直接的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系; 自發(fā)性(10-6～10-9);稀有性;獨(dú)立性;可誘變性;穩(wěn)定性; 可逆性：回復(fù)突變(reverse(back)mutation)。證明基因突變自發(fā)性和不對(duì)應(yīng)性的實(shí)驗(yàn)： 變量試驗(yàn)(fluctuation test)：波動(dòng)試驗(yàn)、彷徨試驗(yàn);1943 年;S. E. Luria& M. Delbruck。涂布試驗(yàn)：1949 年，H.B.Newcombe 影印平板培養(yǎng)法(replica plating):1952 年,J. Lederberg 微生物產(chǎn)生抗藥性的途徑： 基因突變而產(chǎn)生抗藥性; 抗藥性質(zhì)粒的獲得(R 因子); 生理上的適應(yīng)?；蛲蛔兗捌錂C(jī)制： 右圖為突變的類型。

誘變(induced mutation)： 堿基的置換(substitution)，轉(zhuǎn)換(transition)，顛換(transversion)。兩個(gè)例子:亞硝酸;5-溴尿嘧啶(堿基類似 物base analog)。移碼突變(frame-shift mutation phase-shift mutation)

染色體畸變(chromosomal aberration) 轉(zhuǎn)座(transposition)：DNA 序列通過非同源重組的方式，從染色體某一部位轉(zhuǎn)移到同一染色體的另一部位或其它染色體上的某一部位。轉(zhuǎn)座因子(transposable element):具有轉(zhuǎn)座作用**入序列(insertion sequence，IS);轉(zhuǎn)座子(transposon，Tn); 轉(zhuǎn)座噬菌體(transposable phage) 自發(fā)突變(spontaneous mutation)：由微生物自身有害代謝產(chǎn)物引起;由DNA 復(fù)制過程中堿基配對(duì)錯(cuò)誤引起;由背景輻射和環(huán)境因素引起。遺傳密碼改變的表型效應(yīng)：

紫外線對(duì)DNA 的損傷及其修復(fù)紫外線(ultraviolet ray)對(duì)DNA 的損傷;嘧啶二聚體; 光復(fù)活作用(photo reactivation，photo restoration) 切除修復(fù)(excision repair) 突變與育種自發(fā)突變與育種( Breeding by spontaneous mutation) 從生產(chǎn)中育種;定向培育優(yōu)良菌株。自然選育的目的：維持原有的產(chǎn)物的合成水平(穩(wěn)產(chǎn));誘變后的菌株群體中表現(xiàn)出各種生理特性需要純化。誘變育種 (breeding by induced mutation) 誘變育種的幾個(gè)方向：提高產(chǎn)量;改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量;產(chǎn)生新的生物活性物質(zhì)誘變育種的基本環(huán)節(jié)(左圖所示) 出發(fā)菌株→誘變→初篩→復(fù)篩→放大→獲得優(yōu)良變異株。誘變育種兩個(gè)主要的環(huán)節(jié)：誘變(induced mutation);篩選(screening)。誘變育種中的幾個(gè)原則： 誘變劑的選擇：簡便有效; 誘變劑的種類：物理誘變劑，化學(xué)誘變劑，擬輻射物質(zhì)(radiomemetic chemical); 誘變劑量的選擇：存活率或死亡率曲線，劑量-誘變率曲線; 出發(fā)菌株(original strain)的選擇：處理細(xì)胞所處的狀態(tài)，一般為單孢子懸液; 表型延遲(phenotype lag)：遺傳型雖已突變,但表型卻要經(jīng)染色體復(fù)制、分離和細(xì)胞的分裂后才表現(xiàn)出來。利用復(fù)合處理的協(xié)同效應(yīng)(synergism);利用和創(chuàng)造形態(tài)、生 理和產(chǎn)量之間的相關(guān)指標(biāo);設(shè)計(jì)高效的篩選方法：推理選育。突變株的篩選:產(chǎn)量突變株的篩選,抗藥性突變株的篩選,營養(yǎng)缺陷型菌株的篩選

營養(yǎng)缺陷型突變株：野生型菌株(wide type strain);原養(yǎng)型(prototroph); 回復(fù)突變株(back mutant, reverse mutant);基本培養(yǎng)基(minimum medium,MM); 補(bǔ)充培養(yǎng)基(supplemented medium，SM);完全培養(yǎng)基(complete medium，CM)。前體1→A→B→C→D→前體2 途徑α β γ 酶↑ ↑ ↑ a b c 基因一個(gè)基因一條多肽鏈篩選營養(yǎng)缺陷型菌株的四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)： 誘變;淘汰野生型(抗生素法，菌絲過濾法);檢出缺陷型(夾層培養(yǎng)法，限量補(bǔ)充法，逐個(gè)檢出法，影印平板法);鑒定缺陷型(生長譜法)。維生素的生長譜營 養(yǎng)缺陷型菌株的應(yīng)用：賴氨酸，研究代謝途徑。氨基酸的生長譜

研究代謝途徑： 粗糙鏈孢霉(Neurospora crassa) 瓜氨酸- + + 鳥氨酸- - + 突變株Ⅰ 突變株Ⅱ 突變株Ⅲ 精氨酸+ + + 前體→鳥氨酸→瓜氨酸→精氨酸→.. 艾姆氏試驗(yàn)(Ames test)：生物的遺傳物質(zhì)是核酸;凡對(duì)微生物有效的誘變劑對(duì)高等動(dòng)物同樣有效;化學(xué)藥劑對(duì)細(xì)菌的誘變率與其對(duì)動(dòng)物的致癌率成正比;凡致癌物質(zhì)都是誘變 劑，但并非所有的誘變劑都能致癌;95%的致癌劑有誘變作用， 約90%的非致癌劑就沒有誘變劑的作用。材料：鼠傷寒沙門氏菌組氨酸缺陷型菌株，老鼠肝臟抽提液。

考研有疑問、不知道如何總結(jié)考研考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容、不清楚考研報(bào)名當(dāng)?shù)卣?，點(diǎn)擊底部咨詢官網(wǎng)，免費(fèi)領(lǐng)取復(fù)習(xí)資料：https://www.87dh.com/xl/